MACEDON

401—301 B.C.

 

We can see the hand of God at work from century to century but in this case, talking about Alexander the Macedon, or the Great, the work of God is clear as a spring sunny day. The proffesional historians of all times and nations used to see the effect of the fall of the empire of Persia as a gain for the Civilization of the human race; and they are right. The Spirit Saint in the Fathers of the Church said it many times. The Clasical World was the main road leading Civilization on Earth to the Birth of Christianity. My point is this, fascinated by the gesta of that young man, in his twenties conquering armies and kingdoms, as a force of Nature against whose power there was no medecin, had that young man did not leave the world once his work was done, the Civilization as an entity would have been dragged down into the world from which Athens was fighting to get free. That young man had by teacher a philosopher to whom slavery was legal and Nature itself was its source. Contraryly to the Philosophy of PLato and Socrates to whom Freedom is the Mother of Mankind, Aristotle incepted in the mind of his pupil, Alexander the Macedon, the theory of Slavery as a reality backed up by the Universe. This is to say, Macedon pushed away from the throne of the world the Persian Monarch just to sit himself as the new God and Master of the World. God could not allow Alexander such a set back. Alexander's death was a Need that could not be avoided. Alexander had to die. Alexander was called to do the work of the Fall of the Persian Empire. Once done, his remaining in the world would have dragged down the Civilization many centuries back. His deification would have taken the Persian Monarchy to its goal : the Military Theocracy. The Mede out, the Macedon in: he would have taken his place. God could not allow such a set back. Civilization is God's Work. We see this, in a Divine Way, when the Son of God came to us: to be the Champion of the Civilization.

Can be God judged because...? MY Answer is final: The Power of the Creator of the Universe is absolute. We all have a part in His Work. To see this part is to reach Wisdom and walk the Path of Life. Alexander did not read the Script that was written for him to live. Once Jesus Christ came we must to open our eyes and search in God our part in the play of this Century.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER I . PERSIA, FROM XERXES TO ALEXANDER By W. W. Tarn

I. Xerxes and his successors Artaxerxes I and Darius II . II. The enterprise of Cyrus . III. The battle of Cunaxa . IV. The retreat of the ten thousand to Trapezus . V. The ten thousand: from Trapezus to Pergamum . VI. The Great King and the Satraps

 

CHAPTER II - THE ASCENDANCY OF SPARTA By M. Cary

I. Lysander's Settlement . II. Spartan home affairs . III. Sparta’s dependents in the Greek homeland . IV. Sparta’s relations with Persia  . V. The Persian thalassocracy . VI. The Corinthian war . VII. Anew pact between Sparta and Persia

 

CHAPTER III - THE SECOND ATHENIAN LEAGUE By M. Cary

I. General condition of Greece in 386 B.C. .II. Sparta’s policy of precautions . III. The rise of Thebes . IV. The new Athenian thalassocracy .V. Jason of Pherae

 

CHAPTER IV - THEBES By M. Cary

I. The battle of Leuctra . II. Theban ascendancy in northern Greece . III. The disruption of the Peloponnesian League . IV. The diplomatic failures of Thebes . V. The failure of Arcadian imperialism . VI. The battle of Mantinea . VII. The decline of the Athenian naval league

 

CHAPTER V - DIONYSIUS OF SYRACUSE By J. B. Bury

I. Carthaginian invasions, 409-406 BC . II. Rise of Dionysius, 405 BC . III. Dionysius and the Sicels, 403 BC . IV. First war with Carthage, 398-392 BC . V. The Italian wars of Dionysius and his later wars with Carthage . VI. Relations of Dionysius with eastern Greece . VII. Death of Dionysius, 367 BC . VIII. Estimate of Dionysius

 

CHAPTER VI - EGYPT TO THE COMING OF ALEXANDER By H. R. Hall

I. The Achaemenid rule . II. The last native monarchy . III. The coming of Alexander

CHAPTER VII - THE INAUGURATION OF JUDAISM By Stanley A. Cook

I. The historical outlines.II. The Jews and their neighbours.III. Edom and Samaria.IV. Religious tendencies.V. The priestly source (‘P’) and the Pentateuch.-APPENDIX: The Elephantine papyri

 

CHAPTER VIII - THE RISE OF MACEDONIA By A. W. Pickard-Cambridge

I. The Greek world at the accession of Philip Difficulties of Athens abroad . II. The early years of Philip’s reign, 359-356 . III. The war of Athens and her allies, 357-355 . IV. The sacred war down to 353 . V. Philip’s activities in Thrace and Thessaly down sacred war continued . VI. Philip in Thrace . VII. The sacred war continued, 352-347 . VIII. The Olynthian war The first Philippic . IX. The peace of Philocrates, and the end of Deposition of Phalaecus

 

CHAPTER IX - MACEDONIAN SUPREMACY IN GREECE By A. W. Pickard-Cambridge

I. Years of nominal peace between Philip and Athens, 346-343 . II. The relations of Philip and the Greek cities with Persia . III. The struggle in Thrace and the Chersonese, 342-339 . IV. The Amphissean war: Chaeronea (338 ) . V. After Chaeronea .VI. The death of Philip. Characters of Philip and Demosthenes

 

CHAPTER X - SICILY, 367 TO 330 B.C. By R. Hackforth

I. Dionysius the second . II. The enterprise of Dion . III. Timoleon: the delivery of Syracuse . IV. Timoleon: the settlement of Sicily . V. Southern Italy

 

CHAPTER XI - THE ATHENIAN PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS By F. M. Cornford

I. The philosophy of Socrates . II. Plato : the early dialogues . III. The Academy: Dialogues of the Middle Period . IV. The Later Dialogues . V. Aristotle . VI. Form and matter, the actual and the potential . VII. The Objects and methods of Science . IX. Biology and psychology . X. Ethics and politics

 

CHAPTER XII - ALEXANDER: THE CONQUEST OF PERSIA By W. W. Tarn

I. Alexander’s early years . II. The preparations for invading Persia . III. Granicus and Asia Minor . IV. The battle of Issus . V. The administration of Asia Minor . VI. Tyre and Egypt . VII. The battle of Gaugamela . VIII. The death of Darius

 

CHAPTER XIII - ALEXANDER: THE CONQUEST OF THE FAR EAST By W. W. Tarn

I. Alexander, Philotas, and Parmenion . II. The conquest of Turkestan . III. Cleitus, Callisthenes, and Alexander’s divine descent . IV. India: from Bactria to the Jhelum Existing knowledge of India . V. India: from the Jhelum to the Beas Defeat Alexander’s of Porus army mutinies . VI. India: from the Beas to Patala . VII. Gedrosia and Susa . VIII. Alexander’s deification and death . IX. Alexander’s character and policy . X. Finance and the new cities . XI. The empire: Alexander’s personality

 

CHAPTER XIV - GREECE: 335 TO 321 B.C. By W. W. Tarn

I. The feeling in Greece . II. Lycurgus and Athens . III. Agis III of Sparta Agis and Antipater . IV. The prosecution of Demosthenes . V. The affair of Harpalus Harpalus: Alexander’s deification . VI. The Lamian war Leosthenes

 

CHAPTER XV - THE HERITAGE OF ALEXANDER By W. W. Tarn

I. The question of the succession . II. Perdiccas . III. Antipater’s regency . IV. Polyperchon and Greece . V. Eumenes and Antigonus . VI. Cassander and the coalition . VII. Antigonus’ first struggle for the empire . VIII. Antigonus’ kingdom . IX. Cassander and Ptolemy . X. Antigonus’ second struggle for the empire . XI. Defeat and death of Antigonus

 

CHAPTER XVI - GREEK POLITICAL THOUGHT AND THEORY IN THE FOURTH CENTURY

By Ernest Barker

I. The political thought of the fourth century . II. The political theory of the fourth century . III. Xenophon and Isocrates . IV. Plato The and Panegyricus Aristotle . V. The end of the Polls, and its political theory

 

CHAPTER XVII - GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTURE By J. D. Beazley

I. Classical sculpture: (II) the fourth century . II. Classical painting: (II) the fourth century . III. Fourth-century Doric architecture . IV. The Corinthian capital . V. Ionic architecture in Asia . VI. Civil Buildings