MEDIAEVAL POPES, EMPERORS, KINGS, AND CRUSADERS
OR, GERMANY, ITALY AND PALESTINE
FROM A.D. 1125 TO A.D. 1268.
WILLIAM BUSK
Introduction
BOOK I. FIRST PART
LOTHAR II.—CONRAD III.
Loyalty of Frederic of Hohenstaufen to Henry IV — Marriage with
Princess Agnes — Duke of Swabia — Services of his Sons, Frederic and
Conrad, to Henry V — Frederic’s claim to succeed his Uncle, Henry V — Arts that
baffled him — Election of Lothar
Lothar’s Troubles — War
with the Hohenstaufen Brothers — Conrad anti-king — External affairs — Of
Denmark — Of Slavonia — Missionary labours of St. Otho — Affairs of Poland — Of
Burgundy — Of Germany — Papal Schism — St. Bernard — Affairs of Southern
Italy — Coronation-Progress — End of Civil War — Apulian affairs — Lothar’s second
Italian Expedition — His Death
Election
Manoeuvres — Conrad elected — Dissensions with Henry the Proud — Death of
Henry — Rise of the terms Guelph and Ghibeline — The
women of Weinsberg — Compromise with the Welfs — Other
German affairs — External affairs — Italian affairs — End of Schism — Roger’s
Conquest of Apulia, and Government — Dissensions of the Popes and the Romans
End of Baldwin II.’s
Reign — Accession of Fulk and Melisenda — Rise of Zenghi
— Fulk’s Policy and Death — Melisenda and Baldwin III —Internal Dissensions
and Intrigues —Relations with the Mohammedan —Fall of Edessa —Zenghi’s Death —Preparations for the Crusade
The second Crusade — March
of the German Crusaders — Passage through Hungary — Through the Greek
Empire — Intercourse with Constantinople —- March of the French
Crusaders — Disasters of the Crusaders in Asia Minor — Crusaders in
Palestine — Siege of Damascus — Of Ascalon — Unsatisfactory end of the Crusade.
Conrad at
Constantinople — King Henry’s Government — Relations with the Pope — Henry the
Lion’s Crusade — Conrad’s return — Rebellion of Welf — Of Henry the Lion — Death
of King Henry — Of Conrad — Of St. Bernard — State of Europe and Palestine.
BOOK II . SECOND PART
FREDERIC I., SURNAMED BARBAROSSA.
CHAPTER I. ELECTION OF THE DUKE OF SWABIA. 1152-1154
His character —
Affairs of Germany — Contention for Danish Crown — Ecclesiastical Disputes — Henry
the Lion — His Quarrels and Claims — Lodesans at the
Diet of Constance — Affairs of Italy — Preparations for the Coronation
Progress — Actual State of Italy.
Coronation-Progress. — Roncaglia Diet.—Transactions in
Lombardy.—Siege of Tortona.—Adrian IV. Pope.— Adrian, the Romans, and Arnold of
Brescia.— Adrian and Frederic.—Frederic at Rome.—Capture of
Spoleto.—Return.—Guelph Snares.
CHAPTER III.
FREDERIC I. [1155—1158.]
Affairs of Germany.—Henry the Lion and Henry Jasomir.—Frederics Marriage.—Affairs of Poland.— Of
Bohemia.—Of Denmark.—Relations with France and England.—Affairs of the
Sicilies.—Of Lombardy. —Dissensions and Reconciliation with the Pope.
Frederic’s Second Italian Expedition.—Rebellion of
Milan.—The Emperor in Lombardy.—Siege and Submission of Milan.—Second Ron- caglia Diet.—Laws then promulgated.—Dissensions with
Adrian.— Second Milanese Rebellion.—Siege of Crema
Death of Adrian.—Double Papal Election.—Council of
Pavia.—Hostilities in Lombardy.—Surrender and Doom of Milan.—Affairs of
Germany.—Henry the Lion and the Slavonians—His Quarrel with his Bishops. —
Negotiations touching the Schism. — Polish Affairs.— Renewed Struggles of the
Slavonians
Affairs of Lombardy.—Frederic’s Third Italian
Expedition.—Affairs of Sardinia—Of Germany.—The Schism.— Henry II of England
and Alexander III.—Wurzburg Diet.—Affairs of Papacy and the Sicilies
Frederic’s Fourth Expedition to Italy.—Lombard
League.—Frederic and Pascal at Rome.—Disasters.—Affairs of Germany.—League
against Henry the Lion—His formidable power.—State of Schism.—Archbishop
Christian in Italy.—Siege of Ancona .
BOOK III
HENRY VI.—PHILIP.—OTHO IV.
CHAPTER I. KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM. SIBYLLA AND GUY[1189—1191]
Continuation of the Third Crusade.—Preparations of
Kings of France and England.—State of Sicily.—Transactions there.—State of
Palestine.—Defence of Tyre.—Siege of Acre.—Death of Sibylla.—Contest for the
Crown.—Origin of Teutonic Knights .
CHAPTER II. KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM. GUY. ISABEL AND
CONRAD. ISABEL AND HENRY. [1191—1192]...
Conclusion of Third Crusade.—Arrival of Philip
Augustus.—Richard’s Capture of Cyprus.—Arrival in Palestine.—Capture of
Acre.—Departure of Philip Augustus.—Richard’s Campaigns.—Murder of
Conrad.—Isabel’s Third Marriage. — Rescue of Joppa.—Treaty with Saladin
CHAPTER III. HENRY VI. [1189—1194]
German Affairs.—Peace with the Welfs.—Sicilian
Affairs.—Tancred’s Usurpation.—Henry and Constance in Apulia.—Seizure of
Richard Coeur-de-Lion — His Captivity—Ransom — Release.—Further Negotiations
CHAPTER IV. HENRY VI. [1194—1197]
Death of Tancred.—Henry’s Acquisition of
Sicily.—Plots.—Henry’s excessive Severity.—Affairs of Germany.—Progress in
Great Schemes. —Affairs of the Eastern Empire.—Death of Saladin.—Affairs of
Sicily and Apulia.—Henry’s Tyranny—Death
CHAPTER V.
Political, Intellectual, and Social State of the Holy
Roman Empire and Countries therewith connected, at the Close of the Twelfth
Century
CHAPTER VI. PHILIP. OTHO IV. [1197—1199]
State of the Sicilies.—Election of Innocent III — His
Character—- Views—Immediate Measures.—Death of Constance.—Factions in Sicily—In
Germany.—Double Election
CHAPTER VII. PHILIP. OTHO IV. [1199—1208]
Negotiations touching the Double Election.—Innocent’s
Decision.— Civil War in Germany. — Fluctuations of Success. — Change in
Innocent’s Views.—New Negotiations.—Murder of Philip
CHAPTER VIII. PHILIP—OTHO IV. [1197—1203]
Affairs of the Eastern Empire—of the Syro-Frank
States—of Armenia —of Egypt.—Henry Vi’s Crusaders.—Preparations for Fourth
Crusade. —Transactions at Venice.—Diversion of Crusade.—Siege of
Constantinople.—Isaac restored
CHAPTER IX. PHILIP—OTHO IV. [1203—1208]
Continuation of Fourth Crusade.—Revolutions at
Constantinople.— City taken by Crusaders.—Division of Eastern Empire.—Baldwin
Emperor of Constantinople.—War with Bulgaria.—Henry Emperor. —Condition of
Moslem and Syro-Frank States .
CHAPTER X. PHILIP—OTHO IV. [1198—1213]
Papal Measures.—Pontificate of Innocent III.—in
Spain—in France— in England—in Denmark—in Scandinavia.—Creation of Livonian
Bishoprics—of Prussian.—Measures in Poland—in Hungary—in Servia and
Bulgaria
CHAPTER XI. PHILIP OTHO IV. [1198—1208]
Heresy in Western Europe.—Variety of
Doctrines.—Innocent’s Plan of Repression.—Purification of Clergy.—Zealous
Teaching.—St. Dominic. —Murder of Castelnau.—Consequences.—Submission of the
Earl of Toulouse
CHAPTER XII. OTHO IV[1209—1213]
The Crusade against the Albigenses.—Innocent’s
Views.—Bigotry of the Legates.—Simon de Montfort’s Ambition.—Innocent
repeatedly deceived.—Atrocities of both Parties.—Battle of
Lesbordes.—Interference of Pedro of Aragon—Battle of Muret
CHAPTER XIII. PHILIP—OTHO IV[1197—1209]
Italy during the Contest for the Empire.—Innocent’s
Regency in the Sicilies.—Majority of Frederic Roger.—Innocent at Rome.—Papal
Dominions.—Broils in Northern Italy.—Houses of Este and Romano
CHAPTER XIV. OTHO IV. [1208—1212]
Otho’s Election.—Fate of the Regicides.—Otho’s
Measures.—Coronation-Progress.—Alienation of the Pope.—Invasion of
Apulia.—Return to Germany.—Marriage.—Frederic invited to Germany
CHAPTER XV. OTHO IV. [1212—1215]
Frederic’s Expedition.—Contest with Otho.—War with
France.— Battle of Bouvines.—General Desertion of Otho.—Coronation of
Frederic—Children’s Crusade
BOOK IV.
CHAPTER I. FREDERIC II. [1215—1220]
Council of the Lateran—Regulations touching
Heretics—Church Discipline—Mendicant Orders.—Earl Raymond’s Spoliation.—Death
of Innocent III.—Honorius III Pope.—Affairs of the East.—Fifth Crusade.—Death
of Otho IV.—Election of Henry .
CHAPTER II. FREDERIC II. [1220—1226]
Coronation-Progress.—Affairs of Sicily.—Negotiations
touching Crusade.— Fifth Crusade in Egypt — Success — Failure.— Frederic’s
Second Marriage.—Frederic and his Father-in-law.—Frederic’s Love of
Letters
CHAPTER III. FREDERIC II. [1226—1228]
Affairs of Germany.—Administration of Archbishop
Engelbert—his Murder.—Hostility of the Lombards.—Delay of Crusade.—Duke of
Mazovia and the Prussians.—Death of Honorius III.—Gregory IX Pope.—New Delay of
Crusade.—Emperor Excommunicated—Sails for Palestine
CHAPTER IV. FREDERIC II. [1227—1233]
Condition of Syro-Frank States.—Sixth
Crusade.—Frederic in the East.—Gregory’s Machinations—Consequences.—Treaty with
Mohammedans.—War in Apulia.—Frederic’s Return—Triumph—Reconciliation with the
Pope
CHAPTER V. FREDERIC II. [1231]
Frederic’s Legislation for the Sicilies—and
Administration.—Gregory’s Dissatisfaction.—Neapolitan University.—Frederic’s
Liberality
CHAPTER VI. FREDERIC II[1227—1232]
Affairs of Palestine—of Germany.—Thuringian Court.—St.
Elizabeth.—Landgraves.—Heresy in Germany.—King Henry’s Conduct.—Diet of
Aquileia
CHAPTER VII. FREDERIC II. [1232—1235]
Affairs of Italy.—Gregory and the Lombards.—Fra
Giovanni.—Affairs of Germany.—Magister Conrad and Heresy.—Henry’s Rebellion—crushed.—Henry’s
Conduct—and Doom
CHAPTER VIII. FREDERIC II. [1235—1237]
Affairs of Italy.—Gregory with the Romans—With the
Lombards.—Frederic’s Third Marriage.—Legislation in Germany.—The Duke ofAustria.—St.
Elizabeth.—Election of Conrad .
CHAPTER IX. FREDERIC II. [1237—1239]
Affairs of Italy.—War in Lombardy.—Capture of
Padua.—Battle of Cortenuova.—Affairs of the Eastern Empire.—Siege of Brescia.—Affairs
of Sardinia.—Enzio King.—Quarrel with the Pope.—Frederic’s Second
Excommunication.—Imputed Blasphemy
CHAPTER X. FREDERIC II. [1239—1241]
Conflict between Gregory and Frederic.—Gregory’s
Search for an Emperor—Unsuccessful.—War in Italy.—Siege of Ferrara—of Ravenna—
of Faenza.—Affairs of Germany.—Albert Beham’s Extravagance— Results.—Marians in
Prussia
CHAPTER XI. FREDERIC II. [1241—1242
Mongol Invasion.—Russia Subjugated.—Poland
Overrun.—Battle of Liegnitz.—Devastation of Hungary.—Affairs of the
East.—Council foiled.—Death of Gregory IX.—of Celestin IV.—Conclave.—Mongols in
Austria
CHAPTER XII. FREDERIC II. . [1242—1245]
Election of Innocent IV.—Negotiations.—Innocent’s
Flight—Hostility to the Emperor.—Affairs of the East.—Position of Christians
and Mohammedans.—Minor Crusades.—Kharizmians.—Mongols
CHATTER XIII. FREDERIC II. [1245—1246]
Conduct of Innocent.—Council of Lyons.—Innocent’s
Manoeuvres—his Deposal of the Emperor—Consequences.—Conduct of Lewis IX—of
Germany—of the Sicilies
CHAPTER XIV. FREDERIC II. [1246—1248]
Strife between Pope and
Emperor.—Conspiracies.—Reciprocal Accusations.—War in Lombardy.—Search for an
Anti-King—Henry Raspe elected—his Success—and Death.
CHAPTER XV. FREDERIC II. [1248—1250]
Affairs of Germany—of Austria.—Innocent IV’s
Cabals.—William Earl of Holland, Anti-King.—Affairs of Italy.—Captivity of
Enzio.—Fall of Pietro delle Vigne.—Crusade of Lewis
IX.—Disasters.—Death of Frederic II
BOOK V.
CONRAD IV WILLIAM—RICHARD.
CHAPTER I. CONRAD IV. [1250—1252]
End of Lewis IX’s Crusade.—State of Germany.—Conrad
and William.—Innocent’s Return to Italy.—Manfred’s first Regency—Difficulties—Exploits—Negotiations
CHAPTER II. CONRAD IV. [1251—1254]
Conrad in Italy—in Apulia.—Innocent’s
Inveteracy.—Innocent and Brancaleone.— Negotiations—Accusations and
Recrimination.—Conrad’s Death.—Affairs of Germany.—William of Holland’s
Struggles.— Affairs of Italy
CHAPTER III. WILLIAM & RICHARD. [1254—1258]
Berthold’s Regency.—Innocent’s Hostility.—Manfred’s
Regency.—Innocent in Apulia.—Manfred’s Dangers—Flight—War with the Pope.—
Death of Innocent IV.—Alexander IV.—Manfred’s-Struggles—Success —Election
CHAPTER IV. WILLIAM & RICHARD. [1254—1260]
State of Germany.—Death of William.—Election of
Richard of Cornwall— of Alfonso of Castile.—Bavarian Tragedy.—German
Leagues.—State of Eastern Empire—of the Levant.—End of Caliphate.—State of
Lombardy.—Papal Measures.—End of the Romanos
CHAPTER V. MANFRED. [1260—1262]
Negotiation with the Pope.—Revolution in
Tuscany.—Manfred’s growing Power in Italy.—Death of Alexander IV.—End of the
Latin Empire of Constantinople. — Syro-Franks and
Mamelukes. — Election of Urban IV—his Enmity to Manfred
CHAPTER VI. MANFRED. [1262—1266]
Papal Offers of the Sicilies.—Refusal of Lewis
IX.—Bargaining with Charles of Anjou.—Clement IV Pope.—Preparations of
Manfred—of Charles.—Charles at Rome.—Lombard Interests
CHAPTER VII. MANFRED. [1265—1266]
Provencal Army in Italy.—Ghibeline Treachery.—Coronation of Charles and Beatrice. — Manfred’s Preparations. —
Invasion of Apulia. — Treachery of Nobles.—Passage of theGarigliano.—Battle
of Benevento. —Fate of Manfred.—Treatment of his Family—of Prisoners in
general.
CHAPTER VIII. RICHARD. [1266—1267]
Affairs of Germany—of Austria—of Thuringia.—Spirit of
Confederation. —Position of Conradin.—Affairs of Italy—of Lombardy.—Fate of
Enzio.—Affairs of Florence.—Charles’s Tyranny—Ambition.—Malcontents invite
Conradin.—Conradin in Lombardy—Deserted by German Relations.—Preparations of
Charles
CHAPTER IX. RICHARD. [1268]
Conradin in Tuscany—at Rome.—Success in Sicily.—Battle
of Tagliacozzo.—Flight of Conradin—and
Capture.—Tyranny of Charles.—Fate of Conradin—of his Friends—in Sicily.—St.
Lewis’s last Crusade.— Sicilian Vespers.
CONCLUDING CHAPTER
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