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READING HALLTHE DOORS OF WISDOM |
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HISTORY OF INDIA
Turks and Afghans
EDITED BY
LT. COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG
This volume deals generally with the history of India under Muhammadan rule from the time of the earliest invasions of
the Muslims to the overthrow of the Lodi dynasty on the field of Panipat and
the establishment of Babur the Timurid on the throne
of Delhi, and covers the period unfortunately described by that usually careful
scholar, the late Mr Edward Thomas, as that of the
"Pathan Kings" of Delhi. Of the five
dynasties which occupied the throne of Delhi during this period, from about
1200 to 1526, three were Turkish, or of Turkish descent; one claimed to be of
Arab blood, and one was Afghan, but probably not Pathan.
It is only in respect of Delhi, the historic capital of Muslim rule in India, that it has been found possible to adhere to the year
1526 as the termination of an epoch of that rule. In the case of other states,
both Muslim and Hindu, it has been found necessary to carry the local history
on, either to the termination of the state's independence or to a period at
which it may conveniently be relinquished. The history of the Hindu Kingdom of
Vijayanagar, for instance, is continued to 1565, the date of its overthrow by
the confederate Muslim Kingdoms of the Deccan; that of the Muslim Kingdoms of
Malwa, Gujarat, Bengal, and Kashmir to the dates of their annexation by Akbar,
and that of the independent Kingdoms of the Deccan to 1600, the date of the
capture of Ahmadnagar by Akbar's third son, Sultan Daniyal.
My best thanks are due to Sir John Marshall and Sir E. Denison Ross for
having kindly undertaken arduous work in connection with this volume in spite
of heavy official duties. I must also acknowledge the assistance of Mr G. E. Harvey, Mr S. Krishnaswami Ayyangar, Don
Martino de Zilva Wickremasinghe,
and Mr W. E. C. Browne, who has prepared the index.
In conclusion, I desire to express my gratitude for the advice and assistance
which I have at all times received from Professor E. J. Rapson,
the editor of Volumes I and II of this history.
W. H.
THE ATHENAEUM
711 Invasion of Sind by Muhammad b. Qasim 712 Capture of Nirun. Defeat and death of Dahir. Capture of Aror 713 Capture of Multfin by the Muslims 715 Death of Muhammad b. Qasim 717 Death of the Caliph Sulaimfm and accession of Umar II 724-743 Hisham Caliph Junaid governor of Sind 750 Overthrow of the Umayyads by the 'Abbasids. Musa, governor of Sind 754-775 Al-Mansur Caliph. Hishfun governor of Sind 813-833 Al-Ma'iniin Caliph. Rebellion of Bashar, son of Daud, in Sind. Musa Barmaki governor of Sind 830 Death of Musa and accession of his son 'Amran as governor of Sind 871 Virtual extinction of the authority of the Caliphs in Sind. Arab principalities of Multan and Mansurah 977 Sabuktigin ascends the throne of Ghazni 988 Sabuktigin takes Kabul and other territory from Jaipal I 993-4 Foundation of Delhi by the Tomaras 994 Sabuktigin acquires the government of Khurasan 997 Death of Sabuktigin and accession of Ismail 998 Deposition of Ismail and accession of Mahmud 999 Accession of Ganda Chandel in Dhanga. Mahmud annexes Sistan and raids some frontier towns of India. Expulsion of 'Abd-ul-Malik, the last Samanid ruler of Bukhara 1001 Mahmud defeats Jaipal I at Peshawar and plunders Und. Death of Jaipal I and accession of Anandpal 1002 Mahmud suppresses a rebellion in Sistan 1004 Mahmud defeats Bajra and plunders Uch 3005 Defeat of Anandpal and submission of Abu-'l-Fath Daud of Multan. Sukhpal, having accepted Islam, is appointed governor of Und 1007 Apostasy and rebellion of Sukhpal (Nawasa Shah). His defeat and capture 1008 Mahmud invades India and
defeats the army of the Hindu confederacy between Und and Peshawar. He
captures and plunders Nagarkot, or Kangra 1009 Mahmud reduces the principality of Ghur to obedience 1010 Mahmud invades India and defeats a Hindu army at Taraori 1011 Mahmud establishes his authority in Multan 1013 Mahmud invades India, defeats Bhim, and captures Nandana 1014 Mahmud invades India and plunders Thanesar 1015 Mahmud invades Kashmir, but is forced to retire. Accession of Gangeyadeva Kalachuri in Chedi 1016 Death of Rajaraja Chola, the Great 1016-7 Operations in Khvarazm and in the northern provinces of the empire of Ghazni 1018-9 Mahmud invades India,
marches to Baran, Mahaban, Muttra, and Kanauj, captures Manaich, Asm,
and Sharva, returns to Ghazni with his booty, and founds the great
mosque of Ghazni 1021 Mahmud invades India, defeats a Hindu confederacy under Ganda of Kalinjar, and returns to Ghazni Invasion of Dir, Swat, and Bajaur, and of Kashmir. Flight of Bhim and annexation of the Punjab 1022 Mahmud invades India, receives
the submission of the Kachhwaha raja of Gwalior ami of Ganda of
Kalinjar, and returns to Ghazni 1023 Operations in Transoxiana 1024 Epedition to Somnath, Mahmud captures the town and plunders the temple 1026 Mahmud returns to Ghazni Expedition against the Jats 1030 Death of Mahmud. Mashud blinds his brother Muhammad and ascends the throne 1034 Rebellion in the Punjab crushed by Tilak 1037 Masud invades India and captures Hansi 1039 Karnadeva Kalachuri invades the Pala kingdom of Bihar 1040 Defeat of Masud by the Saluqs. lie retires from Ghazni towards India. His deposition and death. Restoration of Muhammad Death of Gangeyadeva and accession of Kamadeva Kalachuri in Chedi 1042 Deposition and death of Muhammad, and accession of Maudud 1044 Accession of Somesvara Ahavamalla, Chalukya 1046 Invasion of Ghur 1049 Death of Maudud and accession of Mas'ud II. Deposition of Masud II and accession of Ali 1052 Deposition of Ali and accession of 'Abd-ur-Rashid 1053 Usurpation and assassination of Tughril. Accession of Farrukhzad 1059 Death of Farrukhzad ami accession of Ibrahim 1060 Karnadeva of Chedi and Bhim II of Gujarat crush Bhoj of Malwa 1069 Death of Somesvara Ahavamalla, Chalukya 1070 Accession of Kulottunga, the Chalukya-Chola 1076 Accession of Vikramaditya VI, Chalukya 1077 Accession of Ramapala in Bihar 1079 Capture of Ajudhan and invasion of Gujarat by Ibrahim of Ghazni 1090 The Gaharwars gain possession of Benares and Ajodhya 1094 Accession of Siddharaja Jayasiugha in Gujarat 1099 Death of Ibrahim and accession of Masud III in Ghazni 1101 Death of Vinayaditya Hoysala and accession of Ballala I 1106 Death of Ballala I and accession of Vishnu Hoysala 1115 Death of Masud III and accession of Shirzad in Ghazni 1116 Deposition of Shirzad and accession of Arsalan Shah 1118 Deposition of Arsalan Shah and accession of Bahrain Shah Death of Kulottunga, Chalukya-Chola 1119 Suppression of the rebellion of Bahlim in the Punjab Vijaya Sena establishes his independence in Bengal 1120 Death of Ramapala in Bihar 1128 Death of Vikramitditya VI, Chalukya and accession of Somesvara III The Parihars oust the Kachhwahas from Gwalior. The Kachhwahas establish themselves in Amber 1138 Death of Somesvara III and accession of Jagadekamalla, Chalukya 1141 Accession of Narasimha Hoysala 1143 Death of Siddhariija Jayasingha of Gujarat 1149 Bahram of Ghazni captures Saif-ud-din Ghuri and puts him to death 1150 Death of Jagadekamalla and accession of Taila IIJ, Chalukya 1151 Burning of Ghazm by 'Ala-ud-din Husain, Jahansuz 1152 Death of Bahram Shah and accession of Khusrav Shah 1160 Death of Khusrav Shah and accession of Khusrav Malik 1173 Muizz-ud-din Muhammad b. Sam appointed governor of Ghazni by his brother, Ghiyas-ud-din Death of Narasimha Hoysala and accession of Vira Ballala II 1175 Muhammad invades India and captures Multan and Uch Lakshmana Sena succeeds Vijaya Sena in Nadiya (Nuddea) 1178 Muhammad invades Gujarat and is defeated 1181 Muhammad invades the Punjab and builds and garrisons Sialkot 1182 Prithvi Raj captures Mahoba from Parmab Chandel 1183 Restoration of Somesvara IV 1186 Muhammad again invades the Punjab and captures and imprisons Khusrav Malik. End of the Yamini dynasty 1189 Death of Somesvara IV, Chalukya 1190 Vira Ballala II defeats Bhillama Yadava 1901 Muhammad captures Bhatinda, but is defeated by Prithvi Raj at Taraori 1192 Second battle of Taraori.
Defeat and death of Prithvi Raj. Occupation of Hansi, Samana, and
Guhram, and appointment of Qutb-uddin Aibak as governor 1192-3 Capture of Delhi by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, who makes it his capital. Conquest of Bihar by Ikhtiyar-ud-din 1194 Ajmer taken by the Hindus and recovered by Aibak 1195 Aibak invades Gujarat and plunders Anhilvara. He is appointed viceroy of the Muslim dominions in India 1196 Muhammad invades India, captures Bayana, and advances to Gwalior 1197 Aibak is defeated and driven into Ajmer by Raja Bhim of Gujarat 1198 Aibak again invades Gujarat and plunders Anhilvara 1202 Ikhtiyar-ud-din captures Nadiya and establishes himself at Lakhnawati, or Gaur Aibak captures Kalinjar 1203 Death of Ghiyas-ud-din and accession of Muizz-ud-din Muhammad b. Sam as sole ruler 1205 Defeat of Muhammad by the Turkmans. His expedition to India Ikhtiyar-ud-din's attempt to invade Tibet 1206 Death of Ikhtiyar-ud-din in Bengal Death of Muhammad and accession of Quth-ud-din Aibak in India 1208- 9 Aibak occupies Ghazni, but is expelled by Taj-ud-din Yildiz 1210 Death of Aibak and accession of Aram Shah. Nasir-ud-din Qabacha proclaims his independence in Multan Birbal Parihur recovers the fortress of Gwalior 1211 Deposition of Aram Shah and accession of Shams-ud-din Iltutmish 1212 Siahji Rathor establishes himself in Marwar 1215 Taj-ud-din Yildiz invades the Punjab 1216 Yildiz is defeated at Taraori by llbutmish, who puts him to death Death of Kulottunga Chola and accession of Hajaraja III. Accession of Maravarmau Sundara Pandya 1217 Iltutmish recovers Lahore and the upper Punjab from Qabacha 1219 Accession of Rawal Chachakdeo of Jaisalmer 1220 Death of Vira Ballala II and accession of Narasimha II, Hoysala 1221 Jalal-ud-din Mangbarni of Khvarazm takes refuge in Lahore, and, being expelled, exacts tribute from Qabacha 1224 Jalal-ud-din returns to Persia 1225 Iltutmish receives the submission of Hisfun-ud-din Iwaz of Bengal Capture of Ranthambhor by Iltutmish 1226 Iltutmish captures Mandawar and invades Qabacha's territory. Capture of Multan and Uch. Qabacha is drowned in the Indus. Iltutmish establishes his authority in Hind 1227 Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, son of Iltutmish, crushes the rebellion of Iwaz in Bengal, and puts him to death 1228 Conquest of Assam by the Ahoms 1229 Nasir-ud-din Mahmud defeats and slays Raja Britu. Death of Malimud 1230-1 Iltutmish crushes the rebellion of Balka in Bengal 1231-2 The Qutb Minar founded 1232 Iltutmish recovers Gwalior from Maugal Bhava Deo, Parihar 1233 Death of Narasimha II and accession of Somesvara Hoysala 1234 Iltutmish invades Millwa, captures Bhilsa, and sacks Ujjain 1235 Expedition against the Khokars 1236 Death of Iltutmish and accession of Rukn-ud-din Firuz. Deposition and death of Firuz and accession of Raziyya 1237 Suppression of a revolt of the Ismailis 1239 Suppression of the rebellion of Ayaz in the Punjab Death of Maravarman Sundara Pandya I 1240 Deposition of Raziyya ami accession of Muizz-ud-din Bahrain. Death of Raziyya and rebellion of Sunqar 1241 Death of Sunqar. Capture of Lahore by the Mughuls Death of Rawal Chachakdeo of Jaisalmer and accession of Karan Singh I 1242 Mutiny of the army; deposition and death of Bahrain, and accession of 'Ala-ud-din Masud 1243 Death of Bhim and accession of Visaladeva Vaghela in Gujarat 1244 Defeat of Tughril in Bengal by the Hindus of Cuttack 1245 The Mughuls invade India and reach Multan and Uch 1246 Deposition and death of Mas'iid and accession of Nasir-ud-din Mahmud 1247 Mahmud recovers the Punjab from the Khokars 1247-8 Balban suppresses a rebellion in the Doab 1249 Balban suppresses a rebellion in Mewat 1251 Accession of Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I 1251-2 Balban invades Malwa and defeats the raja of Chanderi and Narwar 1253 Balban is disgraced 1254 Expedition into Katchr 1255 Balban is restored to favour 1256-7 Suppression of the rebellions of Qutlugh Khan and Kishlu Khan. Invasion of the Punjab by the Mughuls 1258 Retreat of the Mughuls 1259 Suppression of disorder in the Doab 1260 Punishment of the Meos 1264 Death of Somesvara Hoysala 1266 Death of Mahmud and accession of Ghiyas-ud-din Balban 1268 Accession of Maravarman Kulasekhara Pandya 1268-9 Suppression of disorders in the Punjab 1270 Restoration of Lahore and re-establishment of provincial government in the Punjab 1271 Death of Karan Singh I of Jaisalmer 1279 Mughtd invasion repelled. Rebellion of Tughril in Bengal 1280 Suppression of Tughril's rebellion, Bughra Khan, Balban's second son, appointed to the government of Bengal 1282 Abdication of Jaitra Singh and accession of Hamira in Ranthambhor 1285 Muhammad Khan, Balban's elder son, slain by the Mughuls 1287 Death of Balban and accession of Mu'izz-ud-din Kaiqubad. Mughul invasion repelled. Massacre of Mughuls and 'New Muslims' 1288 Meeting between Kaiqubad and his father, Bughra Khan of Bengal 1290 Death of Kaiqub 1291-2 Rebellion of Chhajju suppressed Death of Nasir-ud-din Bughra and accession of Rukn-ud-din Kaikaus in Bengal 1292 Mughul invasion. 'Ala-ud-din Khalji invades Malwa and captures Bhilsa Death of Narasimha III and accession of Ballala III, Hoysala 1294 'Ala-ud-din invades the kingdom of Deogir, in the Deccan 1295 Duda Singh Bhati is elected Rawal of Jaisalmer 1296 Murder of Firuz and accession of 'Ala-ud-din Muhammad 1297 Conquest of Gujarat 1299 The Mughuls invade India and are defeated before Delhi 1300 Siege of Ranthambhor. Rebellion of Akat Khan suppressed. Rebellion of Haji Maula suppressed 1301 Capture of Ranthambhor by 'Ala-ud-diu Khalji 1302-3 Capture of Chitor. Failure of an expedition to Warangal. Mughul invasion Death of Kaikaus and accession of Shams-ud-din Firuz Shah in Bengal 1306 Mughul invasion repelled by Tughluq 1306-7 Expedition of Kafur (Malik Naib) to Deogir Ala-ud-din establishes his authority in Marwar 1307-8 Mughul invasion repelled 1308 Expedition to Warangal. Prataparudradeva II submits and pays tribute 1310 Expedition, under Malik Naib,
into the Peninsula. Capture of Dvaravatipura and Madura. Mosque built
sit Rameswaram. Submission of the Pilndya and Kerala kingdoms.
Ghiyas-ud-din Bahadur assumes sovereignty in Eastern Bengal 1311 Death of Maravarman Kulasckhara Pandya 1315 Shah Mirza, enters the service of Sinha Devu of Kashmir 1316 Death of 'Ala-ud-din and
accession of Shihab-ud-din Umar. Death of Malik Naib Deposition of Umar
and accession of Qutb-ud-din Mubarak 1317 Mubarak's expedition to Deogir. Capture and death of Harpal 1318-9 Rebellion of Asad-ud-din.
Death of Firuz and accession of Shihab-ud-din Bughra in Western Bengal.
Bughra is deposed by Bahadur 1320 Murder of Mubarak and
usurpation of Nasir-ud-din Khusrav. Defeat and death of Khusrav and
accession of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq (Ghazi Malik) 1321 Expedition to Warangal under Muhammad Jauna (Ulugh Khan). Rebellion of Muhammad 1323 Second expedition to Warangal under Muhammad. Capture of Prataparudradeva II. Mughul invasion Nasir-ud-din ascends the throne in Western Bengal 1324 Firuz Shah's expedition to Bengal 1325 Death of Firuz and accession of Muhammad Ghiyas-ud-din Bahadur restored in Western Bengal 1326 Rebellion of Gurshasp. Qadr Khan governor of Western Bengal 1327 Capital transferred from Delhi to Daulatabad 1328 Rebellion of Kishlu Khan in Multan. Invasion of India by 'Ala-uddin Tarmashirin the Mughul . 1329 Transportation of the inhabitants of Delhi to Daulatabad. Issue of fictitious currency 1330 Bahrain acquires the government of Eastern Bengal 1331 Rebellion of Ghiyas-ud-din Bahadur in Bengal 1333 Punitive expedition in the Doab 1334 Rebellion of Sayyid Jalfil-ud-diu Ahsan in Madura 1335 Muhammad leaves Delhi for Madura. He retires from Warangal. Rebellion in Lahore suppressed by Khavja Jahan 1336 Famine. Foundation of Sargadwari. Rebellion of Nusrat Khan at Bidar. Foundation of Vijayanagar 1337-8 Expedition into the Himalaya. Capture of Nagarkot, Failure of the expedition 1338-9 Fakhr-ud-din Mubarak Shah proclaims his independence in Bengal 1339 Death of Jalal-ud-din Ahsan Shah and accession of 'Ala-ud-din Udanji Shah in Madura 1339-40 Rebellion of 'Ali Shah Kar in the Deccan 1340 Rebellion of 'Ain-ul-Mulk in Oudh Death of Udanji Shah and accession
of Quth-ud-din Firuz Shah in Madura. Death of Firuz Shah and accession
of Ghiyas-ud-din Muhammad Damaghan Shah in Madura 1340-1 Rebellion of Malik Shahu Lodi in Multan. Accession of 'Ala-ud-dm 'Ali Shah in Bengal 1342 Ibn Batutah leaves Delhi on his mission to China. Death of Vira Ballala III, Hoysala, at Trichinopoly 1343 Muhammad's expedition into the
districts of Sunam, Samana, Kaithal, and Guhram. Accession of Haji
Shams-ud-din lliyas, Bhanyara, in Bengal 1344 Arrival in Delhi of the envoy
of the Caliph al-Hakim III. Rebellion in Kara. Death of Ghiyas-ud-din
Damaghan Shah and accession of Nosir-uddin Damaghan Shah in Madura 1345 Rebellion of the centurions in Gujarat. Muhammad leaves Delhi for Gujarat, and suppresses the rebellion 1346 Kanhayya Naik establishes his
independence in Warangal. Vira Ballala III of Dvaravatipura founds
Vijayanagar. Rebellion in Daulatabad: Ismail Mukh proclaimed king of the
Deccan. Muhammad besieges Daulatabad. Shah Mirza ascends the throne of
Kashmir under the title of Shams-ud-din 1347 Rebellion of Taghi in Gujarat. 'Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah proclaimed king of the Deccan 1348 Muhammad besieges Girnar in Kathiawar 1349 Capture of Girnar. Death of Shams-ud-din and accession of Jamshid in Kashmir 1350 Muhammad invades Sind. Deposition of Jamshid and accession of Ala-ud-din in Kashmir 1351 Death of Muhammad and accession of Firuz 1353-4 Firuz Shah's first expedition to Bengal 1354 Death of Harihara I and accession of Bukka I in Vijayanagar 1356 Foundation of Hissar. Death of Nasir-ud-din Ditmaghan Shah and accession of 'Adil Shah in Madura 1357 Death of Iliyas and accession of Sikandar in Bengal 1358 Death of Bahman Shah and accession of Muhammad I Bahmani in the Deccan 1359 Firuz Shah's second expedition to Bengal. Death of 'Ala-ud-din and accession of Shihab-ud-din in Kashmir 1360 Firuz Shah's expedition to
Orissa. Death of Adil Shah and accession of Fakhr-ud-din Mubarak Shah in
Madura. Muhammad I, Bahmani, invades Telingana 1361 Capture of Kangra, or Nagarkot, by Firuz Shah 1362 FiruzShah's first expedition
into Sind. Muhammad I, Bahmani, again invades Telingana. Rebellion of
Bahrain Khan Mazandarani in Daulatabad 1363 Firuz Shah's second expedition into Sind 1364 Death of Rana Hamir Singh and accession of Khet Singh 1365 Muhammad I, Bahmani, invades
Vijayanagar and defeats Bukka I. It is stipulated in the treaty of peace
that in future wars non-combatants shall not be molested. 1366 Suppression of the rebellion of Bahrain Khan Mazandarani 1367 Completion of the great mosque at Gulbarga 1372-3 Death of Mubarak Shah and accession of 'Ala-ud-din Sikandar Shah in Madura 1377 Rebellions in Etawah and
Katehr. Extinction of the Muslim dynasty of Madura by Bukka I of
Vijayanagar. Death of Muhammad I and accession of Mujahid Bahmani 1378 Death of Shihab-ud-din and
accession of Qutb-ud-din in Kashmir. Assassination of Mujahid and
accession of Daud Bahmani. Assassination of Daud and accession of
Muhammad II, Bahmani 1380 Suppression of the rebellion in Katehr 1382 Independence of Raja Ahmad, or Malik Raja, in Khandesh. Death of Rana Khet Singh and accession of Lakha Singh 1387 Firuz permits his son to be proclaimed under the title of Nasir-uddin Muhammad Shah 1388 Deposition of Muhammad Shah. Death of Firuz and accession of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq. II 1389 Death of Tughluq II and accession of Abu Bakr 1390 Expulsion of Abu Bakr and restoration of Muhammad 1391 Rebellion in Gujarat. Zafar Khan appointed governor 1392 Rebellion in Etawah. Dilavar Khan governor of Malwa 1393 Rebellions in Etawah and
Mewat. Malik Sarwar, Khvaja Jahiin establishes his independence and
founds the kingdom of Jaunpur. Death of Sikandar and accession of
Ghiyas-ud-din A'zam Shah in Bengal 1394 Death of Muhammad and
accession of 'Ala-ud-din Sikandar. Death of Sikandar and accession of
Nasir-ud-din Mahmud. Rebellion in the Punjab suppressed by Sarang Khan.
Nusrat Khan proclaimed king under the title of Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah.
Death of Qutb-ud-din and accession of Sikandar in Kashmir 1395 Rebellion of Sarang Khan in the Punjab 1396 Muzaffar I establishes his independence in Gujarat. Rebellion of Baha-ud-din of Sagar in the Deccan 1397 Death of Rana Lakha Singh and
accession of Mokalji. Pir Muhammad, son of Timur, captures Uch . Death
of Muhammad II and accession of Ghiyas-ud-din Bahmani. Deposition of
Ghiyas-ud-din and accession of Shams-ud-din. Deposition of Shams-ud-din
and accession of Kiruz Shah Bahmani 1398 Pir Muhammad captures Multan.
Mallu becomes supreme in Delhi. Timur Lang crosses the Indus and invades
India. He appears before Delhi, defeats Mahmud and Mallu and plunders
and devastates the city. Invasion of the Deccan by Harihara II of
Vijayanagar and Narsingh of Kherla. Rebellion of the Kolis in the Deccan
crushed by Firuz Bahmani 1399 Timur's retreat. Death of
Nusrat Shah. Suppressions of rebellions in Bayana, Katehr, and Etawah.
Death of Malik Sarwar and accession of Ibrahim Shah to the throne of
Jaunpur. Death of Raja Ahmad and accession of Nasir Khan in Khandesh.
Firuz Bahmani defeats Harihara II, invades Vijayanagar, and enslaves
large numbers of the Hindu population. Defeat of Narsingh of Kherla. 1400 Mallu leads an expedition into Etawah. Firuz Bahmani founds Firilzabad, on the Bhima. 1401 Mahmud Shah returns to Delhi.
Pact between Muzaffar I of Gujarat, Dilavar Khan of Malwa, Nasir Khan of
Khandesh, and Harihara II of Vijayanagar against Firuz Bahmani 1402 Death of Mubarak and accession
of Ibrahim Shah in Jaunpur. Mahmud establishes himself in Kanauj. Mallu
returns from Kanauj to Delhi. Mallu attempts to recover Gwalior 1403 Mallu makes a second unsuccessful attempt to recover Gwalior. Rebellion of Tatar Khan in Gujarat 1404 Mallu besieges Etawall, and Kanauj. Usurpation of Ganesh in Bengal 1405 Death of Mallu. Mahmud Shah returns to Delhi at the invitation of Daulat Khan Lodi 1406 Expeditions to Samana and
Kanauj. Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur captures Kanauj. Death of Dilavar Khan
and accession of Hushang Shah in Malwa. Death of Harihara II and
accession of Bukka II in Vijayanagar. Firuz Bahmani invades Vijayanagar,
enslaves 60,000 Hindus, and compels Bukka to give him a daughter in
marriage 1407 Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur captures Sambhal and Baran. Muzaffar of Gujarat invades Malwa and captures Hushang Shah 1408 Mahmud Shah recovers Baran and
Sambhal from Ibrahim Shah and Hissar from Khizr Khan. Death of Bukka II
and accession of Devaraya I in Vijayanagar. Death of Chonda Kathor and
accession of his son, Ranmall 1409 Khizr Khan besieges Delhi 1410 Khizr Khan captures Rohtak. Death of Azam and accession of Saif-ud-din Hamza in Bengal 1411 Khizr Khan captures Narnaul, besieges Mahmud Shah in Siri, and captures Firuzabad. 1412 Death of Hamza and accession of Shihab-ud-din Bayazid in Bengal. Firuz Bahmani invades and ravages Gondwana. 1413 Death of Mahmud at Kaithal and
failure of the house of Tughluq. Daulat Khan Lodi remains in authority
at Delhi. Death of Devaraya I and accession of Vira Vijaya in
Vijayanagar. 1414 Khizr Khan captures Delhi and ascends the throne. Death of Ganesh and accession of Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Shah in Bengal. 1415 Suppression of the rebellion of Malik Tughan in Sirhind 1416 Malik Tughan again rebels, but submits. Death of Sikandar and accession of Ali Shah in Kashmir 1417 Firuz Bahmani invades Telingana 1418 Suppression of the rebellion
of Har Singh of Katehr. Expedition to Etawah. Expeditions to Koil and
Sambhal. Khizr Khan besieges Badaun. Firuz Bahmani invades Vijayanagar,
but is defeated and expelled 1419 Khizr Khan raises the siege of Badaun . Ahmad I of Gujarat invades Malwa and defeats Hushang 1420 Islam Khan Lodi suppresses a
rebellion in the Punjab. Expedition to Koil and Etawah, and invasion of
Katehr. Suppression of the rebellion of Malik Tughan in Sirhind. Death
of Ali Shah and accession of Zain-ul-Abidin in Kashmir 1421 Expeditions into Mewat and to
Etawah. Death of Khizr Khan and accession of Muizz-ud-din Mubarak Shah.
Rebellion of Jasrat the Khokar 1422 Suppression of the rebellion
of Jasrat. Expedition of Hushang of Malwa to Orissa. Ahmad I of Gujarat
invades Malwa and besieges Mandu. Rebellion of Ahmad Khan Bahmani. He
defeats the royal troops. Deposition of Firuz and accession of Ahmad
Shah Bahmani. Death of Firuz. Ahmad I of the Deccan besieges Kherla, and
is attacked by Hushang of Malwa, whom he defeats 1423 Invasion of Katehr. Jasrat
again rebels. Shaikh 'Ali of Kabul plunders Multan. Mubarak marches to
the relief of Gwalior, which is besieged by Hushang of Malwa. Ahmad
Bahmani invades Vijayanagar, massacres enormous numbers of Hindus, and
compels Vira Vijaya to pay tribute. Famine in the Deccan 1424 Mubarak returns to Delhi and invades Katehr. Ahmad Bahmani invades Telingana and captures Warangal 1425 Suppression of the rebellion
of Jalal Khan and Abd-ul-Qadir in Mewat. Ahmad Bahmani recovers Mahur
and Kalain in Berar, and halts at Ellichpur. 1426 Expedition into Mewat and suppression of the rebellion of Muhammad Khan Auhadi of Bayana . 1427 Mubarak returns to Delhi.
Muhammad Khan Auhadi escapes and recovers Bayana. Expedition to Bayana.
Hostilities between Mubarak and Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur 1428 Retreat of Ibrahim Shah of
Jaunpur. Expedition to Gwalior. Recovery of Bayana. Rebellion in Mewat.
Jasrat the Khokar in rebellion. Ahmad Bahmani inarches to recover
tribute from Kherla, but retrains from attacking Hushang of Malwa who is
besieging the fortress. He retreats ; Hushang follows, and is attacked
and defeated by Ahmad 1429 Expeditions to Gwalior,
Athgath, and Rapri. Rebellion of Fulad Khan in Bhatinda. War between the
Deccan and Gujarat. Ahmad Bahmani transfers his capital from Gulbarga
to Bidar 1430 Siege of Bhatinda. Zafar Khan of Gujarat defeats the army of the Deccan 1431 Shaikh Ali of Kabul relieves
Fulad Khan in Bhatinda, and defeats and slays Islam Khan Lodi near
Multan. Shaikh Ali captures Talamba. Rebellion of Fulad Khan. Death of
Jalal-ud-dm and accession of Shams-ud-din Ahmad in Bengal 1432 Mubarak marches into the
Punjab and disperses his enemies. Jasrat again rebels. Rebellion of
Jalal Khan in Mevvfit suppressed by Mubarak . Completion of Hidar, the
new capital of the Deccan 1433 Shaikh Ali captures Lahore.
Mubarak recovers the Punjab. Capture of Bhatinda from Fulad Khan.
Hushang of Malwa annexes Kulpi. Assassination of Rana Mokalji and
accession of Rana Kumbha 1434 Assassination of Mubarak and accession of Muhammad Shah. Overthrow of the minister, Sarvar-uI-Mulk 1435 Death ofHushang Shah of Malwa and accession of Ghazni Khan 1436 The country of the Khokars
devastated . Mahmud Khalji usurps the throne of Malwa. Death of Ibrahim
and accession of Mahmud Shah in Jaunpur. Death of Ahmad Bahmam and
accession of Ala-ud-din Ahmad. 1437 Ala-ud-din Ahmad Bahmain establishes his authority in the Konkan. 1438 Ahmad I of Gujarat invades
Malwa in the interests of Masud Khan Ghuri. Nasir Khan of Khandesh
invades Berar, but is defeated by the army of the Deccan . 1440 Mahmud I of Malwa marches to Delhi, but is compelled to retire. Usurpation of Sahra Langah (Qutb-ud-din) in Multan 1441 Death of Adil Khan I and accession of Mubarak Khan in Khandesh 1442 Death of Ahmad and accession
of Nasir-ud-din Mahmud in Bengal. Death of Ahmad I and accession of
Muhammad I in Gujarat . Mahmud I of Gujarat invades the dominions of
Kumbha, Rana of Chitor 1443 Muhammad I of Malwa retreats
from Chitor and is followed by Rana Kumbha, but defeats him. Devaraya II
of Vijayanagar invades the Deccan, but is expelled 1444 Death of Muhammad Shah and
accession of Alain Shah. War between Malwa and Jaunpur. Death of Ranmall
and expulsion of the Rahtors from Mewar. Accession of Jodha Rahtor. 1445 Mahmud I of Malwa marches to Kalpi. Battle between his forces and those of Mahmud of Jaunpur. 1446 War between Gujarat and Rana
Kumbha). Mahmud I of Mawa again invades the dominions of RanaKumbha.
Defeat of the Foreigners of the army of the Deccan in the Konkan.
Massacre of the Foreigners by the Deccanis at Chakan 1447 Alam Shah decides to make Budaun his residence 1448 'Alain Shah retires to Budaun. Chachakdeo Jadon succeeds as Rawal of Jaisalmer 1450 Mahmud I of Malwa invades Gujarat 1451 Buhlul Lodi ascends the
throne, which 'Alam Shah resigns to him. Death of Muhammad I and
accession of Qutb-ud-din in Gujarat. Qutb-ud-din defeats Mahmud I of
Malwa 1452 Mahmud Shah of .Jaunpur attacks Delhi, but is defeated by Buhlul. 1453 Defeat of the army of Gujarat at Nagaur by Rana Kumbha 1454 Mahmud I raids the Hara
Rajputs and collects tribute from Daud Khan of Bavana. He invades the
Deccan, but is obliged to retire 1455 Mahmud I lays waste the country of Rana Kumbha, and recovers Ajmer 1456 Qutb-ud-din of Gujarat invades
and ravages the dominions of Rana Kumbha. Rebellion of Jalal Khan and
Sikandar Khan in Telingana, Mahmud I of Malwa invades the Deccan but
retires. 1457 Death of Mahmud Shah of
Jaunpur and accession of Muhammad Shah : Muhammad makes peace with
Buhlul Lodi. Renewal of hostilities. Death of Adil Khan I and accession
ofAdil Khan II in Khandesh. Qutb-ud-dlu again invades the dominions of
the Rana. 1458 Death of Muhammad Shall of
Jaunpur and accession of Husain Shah. Death of Qutb-ud-din and accession
of Daud in Gujarat. Deposition of Daud and enthronement of Mahmud I,
Begarha . Death of Ala-ud-din Ahmad and accession of lHumayun Bahmani.
Suppression of the rebellion of Jalal Khan and Sikandar Khan 1459 Jodha Rahtor founds Jodhpur 1460 Death of Mahmud and accession of Rukn-ud-din Barbak Shah in Bengal 1461 Death of Humayun Bahmani and accession of Nizam Shah Bahmani 1462 Mahmud I of Malwa invades the Deccan, and Mahmud Begarha of Gujarat marches to the assistance of Nizam Shah of the Deccan 1463 Mahmud I of Malwa again
invades the Deccan, but is compelled by Mahmud Begarha of Gujarat to
retire . Death of Nizam Shah Bahmani and accession of Muhammad III in
the Deccan 1465 Mahmud I of Malwa besieges Rana Kumbha in Kumbhalgarh 1466 Expedition of Husain Shah of
Jaunpur against Man Singh of Gwalior. Treaty of peace between Muhammad
III of the Deccan and Mahmud I of Malwa 1467 Muhammad III of the Deeean
unsuccessfully attempts to recover Kherla. Mahmud I of Malwa receives an
envoy from Abu Said the Timurid 1468 Mahmud I of Malwa raids Kachwara and captures Karahra. Assassination of Rana Kumbha and accession of Jaimall 1469 Death of Mahmud I of Malwa and
accession of Ghiyas-ud-din. Mahmud Gavan marches into the Konkan to
re-establish the authority of Muhammad II J Bahmani 1470 Death of Zain-ul-'Abidin and
accession of Haidar Shah in Kashmir. Mahmud Begarha of Gujarat captures
Girnar and compels the Chudasama chief to accept Islam 1471 Mahmud Begarha of Gujarat invades Sind 1472 Buhlul Lodi marches against
Husain Shah Langah of Multan. Death of Haidar Shah and accession of
Hasan Shah in Kashmir. Mahmud Gavan returns to Bidar after having
re-established the authority of Muhammad III Bahmani in the Konkan.
Malik Hasan invades Orissa, re-establishes the Raja, and captures
Rajamundry for Muhammad III Bahmani. Belgaum is taken and the Raja,
Birkana, is deposed. Famine in the Deccan 1473 Husain Shah of Jaunpur appears
before Delhi, but is defeated by Buhlul Lodi. Mahmud Begarha of Gujarat
destroys the temple of Dwarka 1474 Husain of Jaunpur again
invades the kingdom of Delhi, but is defeated and compelled to retire.
Death of Barbak and accession of Shams-ud-din Yusuf in Bengal 1476 Husain of Jaunpur again
invades the kingdom of Delhi, but is defeated at Sikhera, and retires to
Etawah. Muhammad III Bahmani, invades Telingana 1478 Death of 'Alam Shah in Badaun.
Muhammad III, Bahmani, invades Orissa and compels the Raja of Jajpur to
submit to him. Muhammad III recovers Rajamundry. 1479 Husain of Jaunpur again
invades the kingdom of Delhi, but is defeated and pursued by Buhlul, who
recovers Etawah, invades Jaunpur, expels Husain and annexes the kingdom
of Jaunpur . Muhammad III, Bahmani, invades the Carnatic 1480 Subdivision of the four tarafs, or provinces, of the Deccan into eight. Conspiracy against Mahmud Gavan. Sangram Shah, Gond, succeeds in Garha-Katanga 1481 Death of Yusuf and accession
of Sikandar. Deposition of Sikandar and accession of Jalal-ud-din Fath
Shah in Bengal. Murder of Mahmud Gavan in the Deccan 1482 Death of Muhammad III and accession of Mahmud Bahmani 1484 Mahmud Begarha of Gujarat captures Champaner 1486 Buhlul places his son, Barbak,
on the throne of Jaunpur. Assassination of Fath Shah and usurpation of
Barbak, the eunuch, in Bengal. Death of Barbak and accession of Malik
Indil, Firuz 1488 Death of Jodha Rahtor and succession of Surajmall 1489 Death of Buhlul and accession
of Sikandar Shah. Death of Firuz and accession of Nasir-ud-din Mahmud in
Bengal. Death of Hasan Shah and accession of Muhammad Shah. Deposition
of Muhammad Shah and accession of Fath Shah in Kashmir 1490 Murder of Mahmud and
usurpation of Sidi Badr, Muzaffar Shah, in Bengal. Ahmad Nizan-ul-Mulk
of Ahmadnagar, Yusuf 'Adil Khan of Bijapur, and Fathulah 'Imad-ul-Mulk
of Berar declare their independence. Qasim Band becomes lieutenant of
the Bahmani kingdom 1491 Rebellion of Bahadur Gilani in the Konkan. 1493 Death of Muzaffar and
accession of 'Ala-ud-din Husain in Bengal. Mahmud Begarha of Gujarat
complains to Mahmud Bahmani of the depredations of Bahadur Gilani 1494 Sikandar Lodi defeats Husain of Jaunpur and pursues him into Bihar. Bahadur Gilani is defeated and slain in the Konkan 1497 Restoration of Muhammad Shah in Kashmir ( 1498 Husain Shah of Bengal invades Assam Restoration of Fath Shah in Kashmir 1499 Sikandar Lodi marches from Jaunpur to Sambhal. Restoration of Muhammad Shah in Kashmir 1500 Death of Husain, the deposed king of Jaunpur. Abdication of Ghiyas-ud-din and accession of Nasir-ud-din in Malwa 1501 Death of 'Adil Khan II and accession of Dilud Khan in Khandesh 1502 Death of Husain I and accession of Mahmud in Multan 1503 Nasir-ud-din of Malwa raids the dominions of the Rana 1504 Death of Qasim Band at Bidar,
and succession of his son, Amir 'Añi Barid. Death of Fathullah
'Imad-ul-Mulk in Berar, and accession of his son 'Ala-ud-din 'Imad Shah.
Yusuf 'Adil Shah attempts to establish the Shiah religion in Bijapur
but is expelled from his kingdom by a confederacy 1505 Sikandar Lodi captures
Mandrael. Earthquake in Agra. Campaign in Gwalior. Sikandar Lodi
captures Utgir (pp. 242-3). Yusuf 'Adil Shah returns to Bijapur 1506 The Portuguese established at Cochin 1507 The Portuguese established on Socotra 1508 Sikandar Lodi captures Narwar.
Death of Daud and accession of Ghazni Khan in Khandesh. Death of Ghazni
Khan and disputed succession until 'Alam Khan ('Adil Khan III) is
installed by Mahmud Begarha of Gujarat. Death of Rana Raimall and
accession of Sangrama Singh 1509 Death of Ahmad Nizam Shah and
accession of his son, Burhan Nizam Shah I in Ahmadnagar. Accession of
Krishnadevantya of Vijayanagar 1510 Death of Yusuf 'Adil Shah and
accession of his son, Ismail 'Adil Shah, in Bijapur. Death of Khvaja
Jahan at Parenda. The Portuguese capture Goa. Ismail 'Adil Shah recovers
it, but is shortly afterwards expelled by the Portuguese. Krishnaraya
of Vijayanagar invades Bijapur and annexes the Raichur Doab 1511 Death of Mahmud I (Begarha) of
Gujarat, and accession of Muzaffar II. Death of Nasir-ud-din and
accession of Mahmud II in Malwa 1512 Dominance of the Rajputs and
rebellion of the Muslim nobles in Malwa. Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk
declares his independence in Telingana 1513 Sikandar Lodi sends an expedition into Malwa. 1514 Mahmud II returns to Mandu and
submits to the dominance of the Rajputs. Amir 'Ali Barid, Mahmud Shah
Bahmani, Burhan Nizam Shah I, and Sultan Quli Qutb Shah invade Bijapur,
but are defeated by Ismail 'Adil Shah, who captures Mahmud Bahmani, Amir
'Ali Barid recovers possession of Mahmud 1516 'The Rape of the Virgins.' Death of Surajmall and accession of Ganga Rahtor in Marwar 1517 Death of Sikandar and
accession of Ibrahim Shah Lodi. Rebellion of Jalal Khan. Mahmud II of
Malwa flees from Mandu and seeks the help of Muzaffar II of Gujarat
against the Rajputs 1518 Death of Husain Shah and
accession of Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah in Bengal. Muzaffar II of Gujarat
captures Mandu, massacres the Rajputs and restores Mahmud II. Death of
Mahmud and accession of Ahmad Shah Bahmani in Bidar. Burhan Nizam Shah I
invades Berar and captures Pathri. Ibrahim Lodi captures Gwalior from
Bikramajit Tomar 1519 Rana Sangrama Singh defeats and captures Mahmud II of Malwa near Gagraun 1521 Muzaffar II of Gujarat and
Mahmud II of Malwa invade the dominions of Rana Sangrama Singh and
besiege Mandasor. Death of Ahmad and accession of 'Ala-ud-din Shall
Bahmani. Ismail 'Adil Shah attempts to recover the Raichur Doab, but is
defeated. Shah Beg Arghun conquers Sind. 1522 Deposition of 'Ala-ud-din and accession of Wali-Ullah Shah Bahmani 1524 Bahadur, son of Muzaffar II,
leaves Gujarat and visits Rajasthan, Mewat, Delhi, and Jaunpur. Alliance
between Ismai l Adil Shah and Burhan Nizam Shah I. Death of Shah Beg
Arghun and accession of his son, Shah Husain, in Sind 1525 Deposition of Wali-Ullah and
accession of Kalimullah Shah Bahmani. Burhan Nizam Shah I, Ala-ud-din
Imad Shah, and Amir 'Ali Barid invade Bijapur, but are defeated and
expelled 1526 Battle of Panipat. Defeat and
death of Ibrahim Lodi. Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur ascends the throne of
Delhi. Deposition of Muhammad Shah and accession of Ibrahim I in
Kashmir. Death of Muzaffar II in Gujarat, and accession of Sikandar.
Assassination of Sikandar and accession of Bahadur. Mahmud II of Malwa
harbours the fugitive prince, Chand Khan of Gujarat 1527 Death of Ibrahim I and
enthronement of Nazuk Shah in Kashmir. Flight of Kalimullah Shah Bahmani
to Bijapur, and, later, to Ahmadnagar. Accession of Amir Ali Barid Shah
in Bidar. Burhan Nizam Shah I and Ali Barid Shah invade Berar and expel
'Ala-ud-din Imad Shah, who appeals for help to Bahadur of Gujarat 1528 The Portuguese reach Bengal. Bahadur of Gujarat invades the Deccan. Mirza Shah Husain Arghun captures Multan). 1529 Deposition of Nazuk Shah and restoration of Muhammad in Kashmir. Bahadur of Gujarat retires from the Deccan 1530 Death of Babur and accession
of Humayun. The Portuguese capture Daman, Ismail 'Adil Shah captures
Amir Ali Barid and recovers the Raichur Doab. Death of Krishnadevaraya
and accession of Achyuta in Vijayanagar 1531 Failure of a Portuguese
attempt to capture Diu. Bahadur of Gujarat, assisted by Muhammad of
Khandesh, captures Mandu and annexes the kingdom of Malwa. Burhan Nizam
Shah I and Amir 'Ali Barid Shah invade Bijapur but are defeated and
expelled by Asad Khan Lari 1532 Operations against the Rajputs in Malwa 1533 Assassination of Nusrat Shah
and accession of Ala-ud-din Firuz Shah in Bengal. Invasion of Kashmir by
Sultan Said Khan of Kashghar and Mirza Haidar. Bahadur of Gujarat
captures Chitor. 1534 Death of Muhammad Shah and
accession of Shams-ud-din II in Kashmir. Death of Ismail and accession
of Mallu Adil Shah. Accession of Rana Udai Singh 1535 Humayun captures Mandu and
invades Gujarat. Deposition of Mallu and accession of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah
I. The Sunni religion is established in Bijapur 1536 Humayun is compelled to retire
from Gujarat. Qadir Khan assumes the royal title in Malwa. Asad Khan
Lari invades Vijayanagar, but is defeated 1537 Bahadur of Gujarat is drowned
at Diu. Accession of Muhammad II (of Khandesh). Death of Muhammad II and
accession of Mahmud III. Burhan Nizam Shah I establishes the Shiah
religion in Ahmadnagar 1538 Sher Khan occupies Gaur and
assumes the royal title in Bengal. Humayun occupies Gaur. The Ottoman
fleet and the army of Gujarat unsuccessfully besiege the Portuguese in
Diu. 1539 Humayun retires from Bengal and Sher Khan recovers the sovereignty. Sher Shah ascends the throne of Delhi. 1540 Khizr Khan assumes sovereignty
in Bengal, but is overthrown and imprisoned by Sher Khan. Death of
Shams-ud-din and restoration of Nazuk Shah in Kashmir. Conquest of
Kashmir by Mirza Haidar. Khengar is established as Rao of ditch, and
Rawal as Jam of Mawanagar 1542 Sher Shah invades Malwa,
receives the submission of Qadir Shah, and appoints Haji Khan governor
of Malwa. Haji Khan is recalled and Shujaat Khan is appointed governor
of Malwa. Death of Amir Ali Barid and accession of Ali Barid Shah in
Bidar 1543 Assassination of Sultan Quli
and accession of Jamshid Qutb Shah in Golconda. Jamshid, Burban Nizam
Shah, Ali Barid Shah, and a Hindu army invade Bijapur, but are expelled 1544 Burhan Nizam Shah I invades Bijapur, but is defeated and expelled 1545 Death of Sher Shah and
accession of Islam Shah in Delhi. Failure of a conspiracy to depose
Ibrahim 'Adil Shah I and place his brother, 'Abdullah, on the throne 1546 Rout of the army of Gujarat before Diu. Death of Asad Khan Lari 1547 The Portuguese burn Broach and
massacre the inhabitants. Alliance between Burhan Nizam Shah I and
Sadashivaraya of Vijayanagar. War between Ahmadnagar and Bijapur 1550 Death of Jamshid Qutb Shah and
accession of Subhan Quli Qutb Shah in Golconda. Deposition of Subhan
Quli and accession of Ibrahim Qutb Shah 1551 Defeat and death of Mirza Haidar and restoration of Nazuk Shah in Kashmir 1552 Death of Islam Shah and
accession of Muhammad Adil Shah in Delhi. Deposition of Nazuk Shah and
enthronement of Ibrahim II in Kashmir. Sadashivaraya of Vijayanagar with
the help of Burhan Nizam Shah I recovers the Raichur Doab. Death of
Burhan Nizam Shah I and accession of Husain Nizam Shah I in Ahmadnagar 1553 Accession of Ibrahim Shah in Delhi. 1554 Accession of Sikandar Shah in
Delhi. Death of Mahmud III and accession of Ahmad II in Gujarat. War
between Bijapur and Ahmadnagar 1555 Humayun recovers the throne of
Delhi. Deposition of Ibrahim II and accession of Isma'il in Kashmir.
Death of Shujaat Khan and accession of Baz Bahadur in Malwa. Rebellion
of Saif 'Ain-ul-Mulk in Bijapur 1556 Death of Humayun and accession of Akbar. Muhammad Isa Tarkhan becomes ruler of Sind . 1557 Death of Ismail and accession of Habib Shah in Kashmir 1558 Death of Ibrahim Adil Shah I
and accession of Ali Adil Shah I. Re-establishment of the Shiah religion
in Bijapur. Ali allies himself with Vijayanagar, and is attacked by
Husain Nizam Shah I and IbiTihlm Qutb Shah, of whom he rids his state.
Husain Nizam Shah attacks Chaul, but makes peace with the Portuguese 1559-60 Aliyarama Raya of Vijayanagar, Ali Adil Shah I and Ibrahim Qutb Shah invade Ahmadnagar. Humiliation of the Muslims 1561 Deposition of Habib and
usurpation of Ghazi Khan Chakk in Kashmir. Akbar annexes Malwa. Death of
Darya 'Imad Shah and accession of Burhan 'Imad Shah 1562 Assassination of Ahmad II and
accession of Muzaffar III in Gujarat. Ali Adil Shah I and Aliyarama Raya
defeat Husain Nizam Shah I and Ibrahim Qutb Shah. 1563 Aliyarama Raya and Ali Adil Shah invade Ahmadnagar, but retire during the rainy season 1563-4 Abdication of Ghazi Khan and accession of Nasir-ud-din Husain Shah in Kashmir 1564 Husain Nizam Shah I, Ali Adil
Shah I, Ibrahim Qutb Shah, and Ali Barid Shah form a confederacy against
Vijayanagar. The four kings assemble at Sholapur and march to Talikota 1565 Battle of Talikota. Overthrow
of the kingdom of Vijayanagar. Death of Husain Nizam Shah I and
accession of Murtaza Nizam Shah I 1566 Ali Adil Shah I and Murtaza Nizam Shah I invade Berar 1567 War between Bijapur and Ahmadnagar. Accession of Mirza Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan in Sind 1568 The Mirzas at Broach. Itimad Khan invites Akbar to invade Gujarat 1569 League between Ali Adil Shah I, Murtaza Nizam Shah I and the Zamorin of Calicut against the Portuguese 1569-70 Deathof Husain and
accession of Ali Shah in Kashmir Ali Adil Shah I besieges Goa and
Murtaza Nizam Shah 1I besieges Chaul. Both are defeated 1571 Ali Adil Shah I and Murtuza Nizam Shah I make treaties with Portugal 1572 Akbar annexes Gujarat 1574 Murtaza Nizam Shah I annexes Berar 1575 Conquests of Ali Adil Shah I in the Carnatic 1577 Akbar's troops invade Khandesh. Submission of Raja 'Ali Khan 1578 Murtaza Nizam Shah I and
Ibrahim Qutb Shah attack Bidar. Ali Barid Shah obtains the assistance of
Ali Adil Shah I and the siege is raised 1579 Death of Ali and accession of
Yusuf in Kashmir. Rebellion of Prince Burhan-ud-din in Ahmadnagar. He
flees and takes refuge at the court of Akbar. Death of Ali Band Shah and
accession of Ibrahim Barid Shah in Bidar 1580 Death of Ali Adil Shah I and
accession of Ibrahim Adil Shah II in Bijapur. War between Ahmadnagar and
Bijapur. Defeat of the army of Ahmadnagar. Death of Ibrahim Qutb Shah
and accession of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in Golconda. Disturbed
condition of Bijapur 1582 Dilavar Khan becomes supreme in Bijapur. He establishes the Sunni religion 1585 Death of MirzaMuhammad Bilqi Tarkhan and accession of Mirza Jam Beg Tarkhan in Sind 1588 Murder of Murtaza Nizam Shah I and accession of Husain Nizam Shah II in Ahmadnagar 1589 Deposition of Husain Nizam Shah II and enthronement of Ismail Nizam Shah in Ahmadnagar 1591 Burhan-ud-din defeats his son,
Ismail Nizam Shah and ascends the throne in Ahmadnagar as Burhan Nizam
Shah II. Abd-ur-Rahim, the Khan Khanan, conquers Sind 1592 Burhan Nizam Shah II attacks the Portuguese in Chaul, and is defeated (p. 462). 1595 Death of Durban Nizam Shah II
and accession of Ibrahim Nizam Shah. War between Ahmadnagar and Bijapur
and death of Ibrahim Nizam Shall. Accession of Bahadur Nizam Shah. Civil
war in Ahmadnagar. Four parties, each acknowledging a different king.
Akbar's intervention invited. Sultan Murad and the Khan Khanan open the
siege of Ahmadnagar 1596 Chand Bibi cedes Berar to Akbar and the imperial army raises the siege of Ahmadnagar. Renewal of hostilities 1599 Sultan Daniyal is appointed by Akbar to the command in the Deccan 1603 Murder of Chand Bibi. The
imperial troops take Ahmadnagar. Bahadur Nizam Shah is imprisoned.
Accession of Murtaza Nizam Shah II
BURMA 1280 Establishment of the Toungoo State 1281 Wareru establishes himself in Martaban 1287 Kyawswa succeeds in Pagan. Wareru founds the town of Martaban,
overcomes and executes Tarubya governor of Pegu, and becomes ruler of
the Talaing state of Pegu 1297 Investiture of Kyawswa by the Emperor of China 1298 The Three Shan Brothers establish their rule in Upper Burma. Kyawswa is compelled to take the robe. Recognition of the Talaing state of Pegu by China. 1312 Thihathu, the surviving Shan Brother, establishes himself at Pinya. 1353 Accession of Binnya U in Martaban 1364 The Maw Shans capture Sagaing and Pinya. Thadominbya, after their departure, establishes himself at Ava 1368 Death of Thadominbya and accession of Minkyiswasawke. Accession of Pyanchi, Lord of Toungoo. 1374 Minkyiswasawke sends his uncle, Sawmungyi, to Arakan as king 1377 Murder of Pyanchi, Lord of Toungoo 1385 Death of Binnya U and accession of Razadarit, who establishes himself in Pegu 1390 Razadarit captures Myaungmya 1401 Death of Minkyiswasawke and accession of Minhkaung 1404 Minhkaung invades Arakan 1406 The Burmese overrun Mohnyin. Razadarit invades the kingdom of Ava, but retires 1407 Capture of the Burmese garrison of Launggyet and execution of Anawrahtaminsaw. Minhkaung invades the Delta and is defeated 1413 Minrekyawswa defeats a marauding army from Hsenwi 1415 Minrekjawswa subjugates the Delta 1417 Death of Minrekyawswa. End of the war between Ava and Pegu 1422 Death of Minhkaung and accession of his son Thihathu in Ava 1423 Death of Razadarit 1426 Assassination of Thihathu and accession of Kalekyetaungnyo in Ava 1427 Accession of Mohnyinthado in Ava 1440 Death of Mohnyinthado and accession of Minrekyawswa in Ava 1443 Death of Minrekyawswa and accession of Narapati in Ava 1450 Accession of Binnyakyan in Pegu 1453 Death of Binnyakyan and accession of Shinsawbu, the Old Queen, in Pegu 1469 Death of Narapati and acression of Thihathura in Ava 1472 Accession of Dammazedi in Pegu. 1475 Mission of 22 monks from Pegu to Ceylon 1481 Death of Thihathura and accession of Minlikaung in Ava 1486 Accession of Minkyinyo, Lord of Toungoo 1492 Death of Dammaxedi and accession of Binnyaran in Pegu 1500 Rise of Burmese vernacular literature. 1502 Death of Minlikaung and accession of Shwenankyawshin in Ava 1510 Foundation of the modern town of Toungoo 1519 The Portuguese found a trading station at Martaban 1526 Death of Binnyaran and accession of Takayutpi in Pegu 1527 Invasion of Ava by the Shuns. Death of Shwenankyawshin and accession of Thohanbwa 1531 Death of Minkyinyo, Lord of Toungoo 1539 Extinction of the Pegu kingdom 1543 Assassination of Thohanbwa and accession of Hkonmaing in Ava 1546 Death of Hkonmaing and accession of Mobye Narapati in Ava 1552 Flight of Mobye Narapati and accession of Sithukyawhtin in Ava
CEYLON 1213 The Kalinga prince Magha ascends the throne in Polonnaruva under the title of Kalinga Vijaya-Bahu 1227 Accession of Vijaya-Bahu III in Jambudoni (Dambadeniya) 1231 Accession of Parakkama-Bahu II in Dambadeniya 1234 Death of Kalinga Vijaya-Bahu 1235 Second coronation festival of Parakkama-Bahu II in Polonnaruva 1265 Death of Parakkama-Bahu II and accession of Vijaya-Bahu IV in Dambadeniya 1268 Assassination of Vijaya-Bahu IV (Bosat Vijaya-Bahu) and accession of Bhuvaneka-Bahu I to the throne of Dambadeniya 1279 Death of Bhuvaneka-Bahu I. Famine in Ceylon 1280 Removal of the Tooth-relic by
Aryachakravarti of Jaffna and its delivery to Maravarman
Tribhuvana-chakravartin Kulaçekharadeva the Pandya 1281 Accession of Parakkama-Bahu III and recovery of the Tooth-relic 1288 Deposition of Parakkama-Bahu III and accession of Bhuvaneka-Bahu II 1291 Death of Bhuvaneka-Bahu II and accession of Parakkama-Bahu IV (Pandita Parakkama-Bahu II) in Kuninagala 1326 Death of Parakkaina-Bahu IV and accession of Bhuvaneka-Bahu III (Vanni Bahuttneka-Bahu) 1346 Accession of Bhuvaneka-Bahu IV in Gangayripura (Gampola) 1352 Death of Bhuvaneka-Bahu IV and accession of Panikkama-Bahu V 1359 Death of Parakkama-Bahu V and accession of Vikkama-Bahu III 1374 Death of Vikkama-Bahu III and accession of Bhuvaneka-Bahu V 1390 Vira-Bahu II ascends the throne of Gampola and Kotte 1395 Convocation of Buddhist priests, presided over by Dhammakitti II 1397 Vira-Alakegvara (Vijaya-Balhu
VI) returns from Southern India, ousts his brother, Vira-Bahu II, from
Kotte and ascends the throne there 1405 The Chinese eunuch Tcheng Houo
visits Ceylon for the purpose of removing the Tooth-relic, but is
plundered by Vira-Alakegvara 1409 Tcheng Houo returns to Ceylon with an army and captures Vira-Alakecvara and his family 1411-2 Vira-Alakeçvara and his family are released by the Chinese, but are murdered on their return to Ceylon 1414 Parakkama-Bahu VI ascends the throne at Kotte 1466 Death of Parakkama-Bahu VI and accession of Jaya-Bahu II (Jaya Vira Parakkama-Bahu) in Kotte 1468 Death of Jaya-Bahu II and accession of Bhuvaneka-Bahu VI in Kotte 1476 Death of Bhuvaneka-Bahu VI and accession of Parakkama-Bahu VII (Pandita Parakkama-Bahu) in Kotte 1484 Death of Parakkama-Bahu VII and accession of Parakkama-Bahu VIII in Kotte 1505 Death of Parakkama-Bahu VIII and accession of Parakkama-Bahu IX (Dhamma Parakkama-Bahu) in Kotte 1506 Arrival of the Portuguese at Colombo 1527 Death of Parakkama-Bahu IX
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