A HISTORY
OF
THE CHRISTIAN COUNCILS,
FROM THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS
by
CHARLES JOSEPH HEFELE
Bishop of Rottenburg
VOLUME I
TO THE CLOSE OF THE COUNCIL OF NICAEA A.D.325
BOOK I.
ANTE-NICENE COUNCILS.
1. Synods relative to Montanism. 2. Synods concerning the Feast of Easter. 3. Doubtful Synods of the Second Century
4. First Half of the Third Century. 5. First Synods at Carthage and Rome, on account of Novatianism
and the Lapsi (251). 6. Synods relative to the Baptism of Heretics (255-256) 7. Synod of Narbonne (255-260) 8. Synods at Arsinoe and Rome (255-260)9. Three Synods at Antioch on account of Paul of Samosata (264-269)
10. Pretended Synod of Sinuessa (303).11. Synod of Cirta (305).12. Synod of Alexandria (306) 13. Synod of Elvira (305 or 306) 14. Origin of the Schism of the Donatists, and the first Synods held
on this account in 312 and 313. 15. Synod of Arles in Gaul (314) 16. Synod of Ancyra in 31417.. Synod of Neocaesarea (314-325)
BOOK II.
THE FIRST ECUMENICAL COUNCIL OF NICAEA, A.D. 325.
18. Doctrine of the Logos prior to Arianism 19. Arius 20. Synod of Alexandria in 320, and its Consequences 21. Arius obliged to leave Alexandria. His Letters and his Thalia 22. Synod in Bithynia. Intervention of the Emperor Constantine
23. Synodal Acts, 24. The Convocation by the Emperor 25. Number of the Members of the Council,26-27. Date of the Synod. The Disputations,28-29. Arrival of the Emperor. Solemn Opening of the Council Presidency. Mutual Complaints of the Bishops, 30-31. Manner of Deliberation. Paphnutius and Spiridion, 32-33. Debates with the Eusebians. The omousios. Creed of Eusebius of Caesarea, 34-35-36. The Nicene Creed. The Signatures. Measures taken by the Emperor against the Arians, 37. Decision of the Easter Question, 38-39. The later Quartodecimans. The Audians, 40. Decision on the subject of the Meletian Schism, 41. Number of the Nicene Canons, 42. Contents of the Nicene Canons, 43. Paphnutius and the projected Law of Celibacy, 44. Conclusion. Spurious Documents
VOLUME II
FROM THE CLOSE OF THE COUNCIL OF NICAEA TO A.D.429
Secs. 45-46-47. The First Period after the Synod of Nicaea. Synod of
Antioch (330). Arius is to be again received into the Church, and
Athanasius to be deposed
Secs. 48-49. Synod of Caesarea in 334. Synod of Tyre in 335
Secs. 50-51. Synod at Jerusalem in 335. Synod of Constantinople in the
year 335. Deposition of Marcellus of Ancyra, and death of Arius.
Secs. 52-53. Constantine’s Baptism and Death, etc. Return of Athanasius from
his First Exile. The Arians again gain strength. Synod at Constantinople in
338 or 339.
Secs. 54-55. Synod of Alexandria, 339. Transactions in Rome, and Expulsion
of Athanasius. Roman and Egyptian Synod in 341.
Sec. 56. Synod of Antioch in Encaeniis in 341, and its Continuation.
Sec. 57. Vacancy of the See of Constantinople. Athanasius in the West.
Preparations for the Synod of Sardica
Secs. 58-59-60-61-62-63. Date of the Synod of Sardica. Object of the Synod of
Sardica. Members and Presidency of the Synod of Sardica. The Eusebians take no part in the Synod. Energetic Action of
the Synod of Sardica. The pretended Creed of Sardica.
Sec. 64. The Sardican Canons. 1-5
Sec. 64. The Sardican Canons. 6-20
Sec. 65-66-67-68. Rule concerning the Celebration of Easter. The Sardican Documents. The Cabal of the Eusebians at Philippopolis. Is the Synod of Sardica
Ecumenical?
69-70-71. Return of S. Athanasius from his
Second Exile. Synods of Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria. The Synod of
Cologne against Euphrates. Synod of Carthage. Photinus, and the first Synods
held on his account.
72-73-74. New Synod and First Formula
of Sirmium in 351. Death of the Emperor Constans. Pope Liberius. Synods of Arles
in 353, and Milan in 355.
75-76-77. Deposition of Athanasius, Hosius,
and Liberius. Synod of Biternae in 356. Divisions
among the Eusebians; the Anomaeans and Semi-Arians.
78-79-80-81. Second Great Synod of Sirmium. A
Synod at Antioch. Synod of Ancyra in 358, and the Third Sirmian Synod and Creed. Pope Liberius and the Third Sirmian Formula.
82. Double Synod at
Seleucia and Rimini in 359.
83-84-85. Synod of Constantinople in 360. Synods
of Paris and Antioch about 301. Synod at Alexandria.
86-87-88. The Macedonians and their Synods. Sec.
Synods at Alexandria and Antioch in 363. Sec. Valentinian and Valens. The
Synods at Lampsacus, Nicomedia, Smyrna, Tyana, in Caria, etc. Temporary Union of the Macedonians
with the Orthodox.
89-90-91-92. Pope Damasus and his Synods. Death of S. Athanasius. Synods at Valence in 374, in Illyria
and at Ancyra in 375, at Iconium and in Cappadocia. The Third and Fourth Roman
Synods under Damasus. Synods at Antioch, Milan and
Saragossa. The Emperor Theodosius the Great
93. Synod of Laodicea.
. 94. Synod at Gangra.
95-96-97. Convocation and Opening of the
Council; its Members and Presidents. First Act of the Council. The Tome and the
Creed.
98. The Canons of the
Second General Council.
99-100 The Second General Council receives the Imperial
Confirmation. The Authority of the Second General Council.
Sec. 101. Synods at Aquileia and
Milan in 381
Sec. 102. The Synods at
Constantinople and Rome in 382
Sec.103. Synod of Constantinople
in 383
Sec.104. Synods at Bordeaux (Burdigalensis) in 384, and at Trèves in 385
Sec.105. Synods at Rome in 386,
and at Telepte or Zelle about 418.
Sec.106. Synods at Antioch, Sida, and Carthage
Sec.107-108. The Synods at Rome and
Milan in 390. Synod at Capua in 391
Sec.109. Synod at Hippo in 393
Secs.110-111. Synod at Nimes in 394.
The Four First Carthaginian Synods under Aurelius, and the Synods of Adrumetum and Constantinople
Sec.112. Synods at Alexandria, Jerusalem,
Cyprus, Constantinople, Ephesus, and Toledo
Sec.113. The Fifth, Sixth, and
Seventh African Synods at Carthage and Mileve, and a
Synod at Turin,
Secs.114-115. Roman Synod under
Innocent in 402. Persecution of S. Chrysostom; Synodus ad Quercum in 403, and Synod at Constantinople in 404
Sec.116. From the Eighth to the
Fifteenth Carthaginian Synods, 403 to 410
Secs.117-118. Synods at Seleucia,
Ptolemais, and Braga. Synods concerning the Pelagians at Carthage, Jerusalem, Diospolis, Rome, and Mileve
Sec.119. The African General
Synod, the Sixteenth at Carthage in 418
Sec.120. Dispute concerning
Appeals to Rome. African Synods to discuss it
Sec.121. The Codex Canonum Ecclesiae Africanae
Secs.122-123-124-125-126. Continuation of the Controversy concerning Appeals to Rome. Synods at Ravenna,
Corinth, and Seleucia. The Synods at Carthage, in Numidia, Cilicia, and
Antioch. Fresh Synod at Carthage (the Twentieth) concerning Appeals. Synod
against Leporius and Smaller Synods
VOLUME 3
BOOK IX.
THE THIRD ECUMENICAL SYNOD AT EPHESUS, A.D. 431.
CHAPTER I. PRELIMINARY HISTORY
CHAPTER II. BEGINNING, CONFLICT, AND VICTORY OF THE SYNOD OF EPHESUS.
CHAPTER III. PROCEEDINGS WITH A VIEW TO UNION BETWEEN CYRIL AND THE ANTIOCHENES. OVERTHROW OF NESTORIANISM.
BOOK X.
THE INTERVAL BETWEEN THE THIRD AND FOURTH ECUMENICAL COUNCILS.
CHAPTER I. THE SYNODS HELD BEFORE THE BREAKING OUT OF THE EUTYCHIAN CONTROVERSY.
CHAPTER II. EUTYCHES AND THE SYNOD AT CONSTANTINOPLE, A.D. 448.
CHAPTER III. THE ROBBER-SYNOD.
CHAPTER IV. THE ROBBER-SYNOD IS TO BE CONFRONTED BY A NEW AND GREATER COUNCIL.
BOOK XI.
THE FOURTH ECUMENICAL SYNOD AT CHALCEDON, A.D. 451.
VOLUME IV.
BOOK XII.
THE LATER SYNODS OF THE FIFTH CENTURY.
BOOK XIII.
THE SYNODS OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE SIXTH CENTURY TO
THE OUTBREAK OF THE CONTROVERSY OF THE THREE
CHAPTERS.
BOOK XIV.
THE CONTROVERSY OF THE THREE CHAPTERS AND
THE FIFTH ECUMENICAL SYNOD.
CHAPTER I.
EVENTS PRECEDING THE OPENING OF THE FIFTH SYNOD.
CHAPTER II.
THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE FIFTH ECUMENICAL SYNOD.
CHAPTER III.
RECOGNITION OF THE FIFTH OECUMENICAL SYNOD AND FURTHER
COURSE OF THE CONTROVERSY ON THE THREE CHAPTERS.
BOOK XV.
INTERVAL BETWEEN THE FIFTH AND SIXTH ECUMENICAL
SYNODS, UNTIL THE BEGINNING OF THE MONOTHELITE
CONTROVERSIES.
CHAPTER I.
THE SYNODS UNTIL THE END OF THE SIXTH CENTURY.
284. The Frankish Synods about the middle of the Sixth Century
285. The Synods between the Years 560 and 575
286. The Synods between the Years 575 and 589
287. Spain becomes Catholic at the Third Synod of Toledo, A. D. 589,
288. The last Synods of the Sixth Century
CHAPTER II.
THE SYNODS NOT RELATING TO MONOTHELITISM
BETWEEN THE YEARS 600 AND 680.
289. Synods between the Years 600 and 630,
290. Synods not referring to Monothelitism, between A.D. 633
and 680,
BOOK XVI.
THE MONOTHELITE CONTROVERSIES AND THE SIXTH
ECUMENICAL SYNOD.
CHAPTER I.
THE OCCURRENCES BEFORE THE SIXTH ECUMENICAL SYNOD.
291. Rise of the Monothelite Heresy
292. Synod at Constantinople, A.D. 626, and Transactions at Hierapolis, A.D. 629
293. Cyrus of Alexandria unites the Monophysites
294. Sophronius comes to the defence of Dyothelitism
295. The seeming Juste Milieu of Sergius. He writes to Pope
Honorius
296. First Letter of Pope Honorius in the Monothelite Affair,
297. Synod at Jerusalem, A.D. 634, and Synodal Letter of the
Patriarch Sophronius
298. Second Letter of Honorius. His Orthodoxy
299. The Ecthesis of the Emperor Heraclius, A.D. 638
300. Two Synods at Constantinople, A.D. 638 and 639. Adoption
of the Ecthesis
301. Death of Pope Honorius. The Ecthesis is rejected at Rome
302. The Synods of Orleans and Cyprus. Pope Theodore
303. Abbot Maximus and his Disputation with Pyrrhus
304. African and Roman Synods for the Condemnation of Monothelitism
305. Paul of Constantinople writes to Pope Theodore
306. The Typus
307. Pope Martin I and the Lateran Synod of A.D. 649
308. Letters of Pope Martin I
309. Pope Martin I becomes a Martyr for Dyothelitism
310. Abbot Maximus and his Disciples become Martyrs. The
Doctrine of Three Wills
311. Pope Vitalian
CHAPTER II.
THE SIXTH ECUMENICAL SYNOD.
312. The Emperor Constantine Pogonatus wishes for a Great Conference of Easterns and Westerns,
313. Western Preparatory Synods, especially at Kome, A.D. 680
314. The Deputies from Rome and the Letters with which they
were furnished
315. First Session of the Sixth Oecumenical Synod
316. From the Second to the Seventh Session
317. The Eighth Session
318. Ninth and Tenth Sessions
319. Eleventh and Twelfth Sessions
320. Thirteenth Session
321. From the Fourteenth to the Seventeenth Session
322. The Eighteenth Session
323. The Pope and the Emperor confirm the Sixth Ecumenical
Synod
324. The Anathema on Pope Honorius, and the Genuineness of the
Acts of the Sixth Oecumenical Council
BOOK XVII.
THE TIME FROM THE END OF THE SIXTH ECUMENICAL
COUNCIL TO THE BEGINNING OF THE DISPUTE
RESPECTING IMAGES.
S
325. The Synods between A.D. 680 and 692
326. Examination of the Acts of the Sixth Oecumenical Council
327. The Quinisext or Trullan Synod, A.D. 692
328. Judgment of Rome on the Trullan Canons
329. The last Synods of the Seventh Century,
330. The Western Synods in the First Quarter of the Eighth
Century
331. In the East, Monothelitism is renewed and again suppressed
BOOK XVIII.
THE CONTROVERSY ABOUT IMAGES AND THE SEVENTH
ECUMENICAL SYNOD.
CHAPTER I.
HISTORY OF THE CONTROVERSY ABOUT IMAGES UP TO THE
CONVOCATION OF THE SEVENTH ECUMENICAL SYNOD.
332. Origin of the Controversy about Images
333. The first Synods in the Controversy about Images
334. John of Damascus
335. The Emperor Constantine Copronymus
336. The Mock-Synod at Constantinople, A.D. 754
337. Carrying out of the Synodal Decrees. Abbot Stephen
338. The States of the Church threatened from the beginning by
the Greeks
339. The Cruelties of the Emperor Constantine Copronymus
340. Three Patriarchs in the East are in favour of the Images
341. The Franks and the Synod of Gentilly, A.D. 767
342. Contests for the Holy See,
343. The Lateran Synod, A.D. 769
344. The Emperor Leo IV
CHAPTER II.
THE SEVENTH ECUMENICAL SYNOD AT NICAEA, A.D. 787.
345. The Empress Irene makes Preparations for the Convocation of
an Ecumenical Synod
346. The First Attempt at the holding of an Ecumenical Synod
miscarries
347. Convocation of the Synod of Nicaea
348. The First Session of Nicaea
349. The Second Session
350. The Third Session
351. The Fourth Session
352. The Fifth Session
353. The Sixth Session
354. The Seventh Session
355. The Eighth Session
356. The Canons of the Seventh Ecumenical Synod
357. The rest of the Synodal Acts
358. Sketch of the Occurrences in the East until the beginning of
the Reign of Leo the Armenian
POSTSCRIPT ON THE ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY
APPENDIX.
Corrections and Additions to the First Volume of the History of the
Councils, taken from the Second German Edition.
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