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THE CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY
VOLUME V
THE AGE OF
LOUIS XIV
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
OF
LEADING
EVENTS MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME
1311 The
German Order secures Danzig.
1324-73 The
Mark Brandenburg subject to the House of Wittelsbach.
1343 Peace of
Kalisch between the German Order and Poland.
1374 The Mark
Brandenburg united to the Bohemian Crown.
1385-8
Brandenburg mortgaged to the Margraves of Moravia.
1410 Polish victory over the German Knights at
Tannenberg.
1411 First Peace of Thorn between Poland and the
German Order.
1417
Investment of Frederick of Hohenzollem with the margravate of Brandenburg.
1466 The
Second or Perpetual Peace of Thorn between Poland and the German Order.
1472 Marriage of Ivan III of Russia and the Greek
Princess Sophia.
1473 February. The Brandenburg Dispositio Achillea.
1525 Albert
of Hohenzollem, formerly High Master of the German Order, invested with the
secularised duchy of Prussia.
Giovio’s Muscovy.
1533
Accession of Ivan IV, afterwards crowned Tsar (1547).
1543 Vesalius
on Human Anatomy.
1550 Ivan IV
summons the Sobor.
1552 Russian annexation of Kazan.
1553 Sir Hugh Willoughby’s expedition for the
discovery of the Northern
Passage.
Foundation of the English “Muscovy Company.”
1554 Russian annexation of Astrakhan.
1558-78
Gregory Stroganoff carries Russian colonisation beyond the Ural Mountains.
1560 The Academia Secretorum Naturae founded at
Naples.
1561 Gottfried Kettler, last High Master of the
German Order in Livonia,
becomes Duke
of Courland.
1566
Administration of the see of Magdeburg secured to Joachim Frederick of
Brandenburg.
1569 Union of
Poland and Lithuania at Lublin.
1582-4 The
Cossack Ermak Timotheevich captures Sibir. Russian subjugation of Siberia
follows.
1589
Foundation of Patriarchate of Moscow.
1589-91
Galileo at Pisa lays foundation of the science of Dynamics.
1591 Francis
Vieta publishes his algebraic work.
1592 Death of Montaigne
THE LIFE-WORK
OF MONTAIGNE (1533-1592)
1595 May.
Peace of Teusin between Russia, Sweden, and Poland.
1605 Joachim
Frederick of Brandenburg obtains administratorship of ducal Prussia.
Bacon’s Advancement of Learning. Arndt’s Four Books.
1605-6 Rule
of Dimitri the Pretender at Moscow.
1608 French colony at Quebec
founded by Champlain.
1609 Invasion of Russia by King Sigismund of Poland.
Kepler
publishes his development of the Copernican system of astronomy.
1612 Jacob Boehme’s Aurora.
1613 Michael Romanoff elected Tsar.
1614 Treaty of Xanten regulates Brandenburg and
Neuburg claims to Julich-Cleves-Berg
inheritance.
Napier of
Merchistoun on logarithms.
1616 Edict of Inquisition against Galileo’s teaching
of astronomy.
1617 Peace of Stolbova between Sweden and Russia.
1618 Union of the duchy of Prussia with Brandenburg.
1620 Bacon’s Novum Organum.
1628 Harvey’s Exercitatio de Motu Cordis.
1632 War
between Poland and Russia.
Galileo’s
dialogues on the Copernican theory of astronomy.
1634 Treaty of Polianovka between Poland and Russia.
1635 Truce of Stuhmsdorf between Sweden and Poland
(including Prussia).
1637 Death of Bogislav XIV of Pomerania. Swedes
remain in possession of duchy. Descartes’ Discours. Milton’s Lycidas written.
1638 Death of Cornelius Jansen.
Publication
of Chillingworth’s Religion of Protestants.
1640 Death of George William of Brandenburg and
accession of Frederick
William (the
Great Elector).
Posthumous
publication of Jansen’s treatise on the theology of St Augustine.
1641 Truce of Stockholm between Brandenburg and
Sweden.
Milton’s
first pamphlet Of Reformation touching Church discipline in England.
1642 English commercial treaty with Portugal.
Hales’ Schism
and Schismatics.
1644 Portuguese rising in Brazil.
1645 Accession of the Tsar Alexis Romanoff.
1646 Jeremy Taylor’s Liberty of Prophesying.—Travels
of Olearius.
1648 War between Venice and the Turks. Beginning of
siege of Candia.
Accession of
Mohammad IV.
Bishoprics of
Halberstadt and Minden secured by Brandenburg.
The Russian Sobor draws up a new Code of Laws (Ulozhenie).
1649 Portuguese Brazil Company established.
Condemnation
by the Sorbonne of five propositions from Jansen’s Augustinus.
1650-63
Portuguese thrown back by Dutch in Ceylon and Malabar.
1651 English Navigation Act.
English
factory established at Hooghley.
Hobbes’ Leviathan.
1652 Abdication of Christina of Sweden and accession
of Charles Gustavus. Dutch East India Company form a settlement at the Cape of
Good Hope.
1653 John de Witt Grand Pensionary of Holland.
1653 Eastern Pomerania secured by Brandenburg.
Innocent X
declares the five Jansenist propositions heretical.
1654 The Prussian League renounces its allegiance to
the German Order.
The Dutch
expelled from Brazil.
1654-6
Liturgical reforms of Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow.
1655 British capture of Jamaica.
1656 Mohammad Kiuprili Grand Vezir. Revival of the
Ottoman Power. Harrington’s Oceana. John Wallis’ Arithmetica Infinitorum.
1656-7
Pascal’s Provincial Letters.
1657 War between the United Provinces and Portugal.
1658 Peace of Roeskilde between Sweden and Denmark.
1659 Stillingfleet’s Irenicon.
1660 February. Death of Charles Gustavus of Sweden.
April-May.
The Stewart Restoration.
May. Peace of
Copenhagen between Sweden and Denmark.
October.
Establishment of hereditary monarchy in Denmark in the House of Frederick III.
Growth of absolutism in Denmark and Norway.
Peace of
Oliva. Independence of East Prussia recognised.
1660-73
James, Duke of York, Lord High Admiral of England.
1661 January. John Kemenyi Prince of Transylvania.
Despatch of Imperial
force under
Montecuculi against the Turks.
April-May.
Savoy Conference.
June. Bombay
ceded by Portugal to England.
August. Peace
between the United Provinces and Portugal.
September.
Reestablishment of the Episcopal Church of Scotland decreed.
November. Ormond
appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
Death of
Mazarin. Beginning of the personal rule of Louis XIV. Defensive alliance and
commercial treaty between England and Brandenburg. Ahmad Kiuprili Grand Vezir.
New Charter
granted to English East India Company.
The Scottish
Rescissory Act English Disciplinary Naval Statute.
Boyle’s Sceptical Chemist.
1662 January. Death of John Kemenyi.
May. English
Act of Uniformity.
Restoration
of the Scottish Bishops.
June.
Reinstitution of lay patronage in Scotland.
August.
Secession of St Bartholomew’s Day.
September. ‘Bill for the Settlement of Ireland.
December.
Treaty between Portugal and the United Provinces.
The English
Company of Royal Adventurers trading to Africa (third Guinea Company)
incorporated.
The Royal
Society of London incorporated by charter.
1663 October. Settlement between Prussian Estates
and the Great Elector.
English
expedition to Guinea Coast.
The Turks
under Ahmad Kiuprili advance upon western Hungary.
Milton
finishes Paradise Lost.
1663-8
Butler’s Hudibras.
1664 February. English seizure of Dutch possessions
on the west coast of Africa. Aug. Defeat of the Turks by Montecuculi at St
Gothard. Peace of Vasvar. English capture of New Amsterdam (New York).
First French
Company trading with India founded. Colbert’s First Tariff. First Conventicle
Act passed.
1665 January. De Ruyter recovers Goree from English
occupation.
March. War
between England and the United Provinces.
1665 June. Battle of Lowestoft.
September.
Death of Philip IV of Spain. Accession of Charles II.
Bishop of Munster declares war against
United Provinces.
December.
Bill for Explanation of the Act of Settlement of Ireland.
Five Mile Act
passed. The Plague in London. Dryden’s Essay of Dramatic Poesy.
1665-6 Newton’s discoveries in mathematics, and as
to the law of Universal
Gravitation.
1666 January. France declares war against England.
June. The
“Four Days’ Battle” between the English and Dutch. September. The Great Fire of
London.
October. “Quadruple Alliance” of Holland, Denmark, Brandenburg and Brunswick-Luneburg.
Treaty of
Cleves. Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg secured by Brandenburg. Religious rising
in Scotland put down at Rullion Green.
1666-7 The Raskol (great schism) in the Russian
Church breaks out.
1667 February. Dutch conquest of Tobago.
March. Secret
treaty between Charles II and Louis XIV.
May. War of
Devolution between Louis XIV and the Spanish Netherlands.
June. Dutch
fleet in the Medway.
July. Peace
of Breda between England and the United Provinces.
August. Fall
of Clarendon.
Treaty of
Andrusovo between Poland and Russia.
Colbert
issues his increased tariff.
1668 January. Secret treaty between Louis XIV and
the Emperor Leopold. Triple Alliance of England, United Provinces, and Sweden,
against France.
February. French conquest of Franche Comt&
May. Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle between the Allies and France.
Peace between
Spain and Portugal. Spanish surrender of Portugal. Bombay handed over to the
English East India Company.
1669 Fall of Candia, followed by the cession of
Crete to the Turks.
Abdication of
John Casimir of Poland; election of Michael Wismowiecki. The “Peace of Clement
IX” accorded to the Jansenists.
Stensen
lectures at Paris on the Anatomy of the Brain.
1670 February. Accession of Christian V in Denmark
and Norway. Administration
of Griffenfeld.
May-June.
Secret Treaty of Dover between Louis XIV and Charles II.
British
capture of Jamaica recognised by Spain.
Second
Conventicle Act passed.
Spinoza’s Tractatus Theologico-Politicus. Bossuet's Exposition de la Doctrine
Catholique.
1671 John Sobieski elected King of Poland
Administration of the Leeward and Windward Islands settled by the English Government
Paradise regained and Samson Agonistes.Quesnel's Reflexions Morales sur le Nouveau Testament. Malpighi and Grew on Estructural Botany. Testament Malpighi and Grew on Structural Botany.
1672 February, William III of Orange Captain-General of the Dutch Union,
March.
Charles II’s Declaration of Indulgence.
War between
England and the United Provinces.
April. War
between France and the United Provinces.
May. Treaty
between Louis XIV and Sweden.
Invasion of
the United Provinces by Louis XIV.
Anglo-French naval defeat in Southwold Bay.
1672 June-October. Coalition of the Hague between
the Emperor, Brandenburg,
and Holland.
July. William
of Orange proclaimed Stadholder of Holland and Zeeland. August. Murder of John
and Cornelius de Witt at the Hague.
October.
Treaty of Buczacz between Poland and Turkey.
Third Guinea
Company merged in Royal African Company.
Leibniz’ Concilium Aegyptiacum.
1672-8 War between Turkey and Poland.
1673 March. Charles’ Declaration of Indulgence
cancelled. Test Act passed.
June. Dutch naval successes at Schooneveld. French
take Maestricht.
August. Battle of the Texel.
November. The
Turks defeated by John Sobieski at Khoczim.
1673-4 Spread of the Second Imperial Coalition
against France.
1674 February. Treaty of London between England and
the United Provinces.
August. Indecisive battle of Seneff between William of
Orange and Conde.
December. War between Sweden and Brandenburg.
1675 January. Defeat of the Great Elector at Colmar.
Swedish
invasion of Brandenburg.
April. Dutch
victory off Messina. Death of de Ruyter.
June. Treaty
between France and Poland.
Victory of
the Great Elector over the Swedes at Fehrbellin.
July. Death
of Turenne.
August.
Sobieski defeats the Turks at Lemberg.
Committee of
the Privy Council supersedes Council of Trade and Plantations. Bishop Croft’s
Naked Truth. Dryden’s Aurengzehe produced.
1675-9 War of
Scania between Denmark and Sweden.
1676 June. Danish-Dutch naval victory over the
Swedes at Gland.
October.
Treaty of Zurawna between Poland and Turkey.
December.
Swedish victory at Lund.
Accession of
the Tsar Theodore III.
Death of the
Grand Vezir Ahmad Kiuprili; succession of Kara Mustafa.
1677 April. Defeat of Orange at Montcassel.
July. Victory
of Charles XI of Sweden at Landskrona.
November.
Marriage of William of Orange with Princess Mary of England. War between Russia
and Turkey.
1678 August. First denunciation of the Popish Plot.
(to
February, 1679). Peace of Nymegen.
Emeric
Tokolyi becomes the Hungarian national leader.
The French
obtain the cession of Goree.
Cudworth’s Intellectual System. Dryden’s All for Love produced.
1679 May. Introduction of the Exclusion Bill.
June. Treaty
of St Germain-en-Laye between Brandenburg and Sweden.
Suppression
of the Scottish Covenanting revolt at Bothwell Brigg. Treaty of Lund between
Denmark and Sweden.
The Habeas
Corpus Act passed.
1680 Treaty of Bakchi-serai between Russia and
Turkey.
Archbishopric
of Magdeburg incorporated with Brandenburg.
Declaration
of Sanquhar.
The Exclusion
Bill thrown out.
1681 September. French seizure of Strassburg and
Casale.
October.
Assembly of Gallican Clergy.
Peace between
Russia and Turkey.
Filmer’s Patriarcha. Dryden’s Spanish Friar and Absalom and Achitophel.
1682 March. The French Assembly of Clergy defines
liberties of Gallican Church.
1682 Accession of Peter the Great. The Tsarevna
Sophia Regent.
Outbreak of
war between Austria and the Turks.
Brandenburg
African Trading Company established at Konigsberg. Privileges of City of London
and other towns attacked by the Crown.
1682-90 Sir
John Child Governor of Bombay.
1683 February. Association against France formed at
the Hague.
June. Rye
House plot discovered. Execution of Russell and Sidney.
July. Siege
of Vienna by the Turks begun.
September.
Relief of Vienna by John Sobieski.
Death of Colbert.
December. War
between France and Spain.
1684 March. The Holy League between Austria, Poland,
and Venice, against
the Turks.
August. Truce
of Ratisbon between France and the Empire.
The
Apologetical Declaration of the Scottish recusants.
Spener’s Klagen.
1685 February. Death of Charles II of England and
accession of James II.
June. Risings of Monmouth and Argyll.
July.
Monmouth defeated at Sedgmoor and executed.
August.
Treaty of alliance between Great Elector and United Provinces.
Recapture
of Neuhausel from the Turks.
October.
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
November.
Edict of Potsdam.
1685-8
Reforms in English naval administration.
1686 March. Treaty of alliance between the Emperor
and the Great Elector.
July. Formation of the Augsburg Alliance.
September.
Buda recovered from the Turks.
Leibniz’ on
the Calculus.
1687 January. Tyrconnel made Viceroy in Ireland.
Feb.-May.
Diplomatic mission of Dykvelt in England.
April. The
Declaration of Indulgence issued.
August.
Turkish overthrow at Harkany, near Mohacs.
Halifax’ Letter to a Dissenter.
September.
Venetian siege and conquest of Athens.
November.
Fagel’s letter on Declaration of Indulgence.
December.
Restoration of Austrian ascendancy in Hungary. Coronation of Archduke Joseph.
Deposition of
Mohammad IV and accession of Solyman II.
Newton’s Principia. Pufendorf’s De habitu religionis ad vitam civilem. Dryden’s Hind and
Panther.
1688 May. Death of the Great Elector.
Declaration of Indulgence ordered to be read in churches.
Petition of
the Seven Bishops against reading of Declaration. June. Birth of Prince James
Edward (afterwards the “Old Pretender”).
Trial and acquittal of the Seven
Bishops. Invitation to William, Prince of Orange.
September.
The Emperor takes Belgrade.
Army of
Louis XIV advances on the middle Rhine. November. Landing of William of Orange
at Torbay.
December. William
of Orange enters London. Flight of James II, and fell of the House of Stewart.
Bossuet’s Histoire des Variations des Églises Protestantes.
1689 February. Declaration of
Right.
William and
Mary proclaimed King and Queen of England.
1689 March. Rout of the Irish Protestants at
Dromore.
James
enters Dublin.
April.
Outbreak of war between France and Spain.
The siege
of Derry begun.
The Scottish Convention issues Declaration offering the crown to William and
Mary.
May. The
Grand Alliance formed.
Parliament summoned by James meets at Dublin
The Toleration Act passed
July. Relief
of Derry. Defeat of James’ troops at Newtown Butler.
Highland rising under Dundee put down at Killiecrankie.
October. Bill
of Rights passed.
Mustafa
Kiuprili Grand Vezir.
Locke’s Two
Treatises on Government.
1690 July. French victory at Fleurua.
Defeat of Anglo-Dutch fleet off Beachy Head.
Battle of the Boyne. Second flight of James to France. Presbyterianism
established in national Church of Scotland.
Turkish
reconquest of Servian Widdin, and Belgrade.
Permanent
establishment of the English factory at Calcutta.
1691 April. French capture of Mons.
July. Capture
of Athlone by William’s forces. Battle of Aughrim. August. Victory of Lewis of
Baden at Szalankemen. Death of Mustafe Kiuprili.
October.
Treaties of Limerick.
1692 February. Massacre of Glencoe.
May.
Anglo-Dutch naval victory of La Hogue.
June. French
capture of Namur.
August.
William III defeated at Steinkirke. British repulse at St Malo. Invasion of Dauphiné
by Victor Amadeus of Savoy.
1693 Defeat of William at Neerwinden.
French
victory of Marsaglia and invasion of Piedmont. .
1693-4
Foundation of the National Debt and of the Bank of England
1694 December. Death of Mary, Queen of England.
Foundation of
University of Halle.
The Triennial
Act passed.
1695 William recaptures Namur.
Accession of
tbe Sultan Mustafa II
Press
Licensing Act dropped. Freedom of the Press established.
1695-1700
Initiation and ultimate failure of the Darien scheme.
1696 January. The Recoinage Act passed.
February.
English “Assassination Plot” discovered.
August. The
Duke of Savoy goes over to France.
Death of John
Sobieski of Poland.
Conquest of
Azoff by Peter the Great.
1697 September. Defeat of the Turks at Zenta by
Prince Eugene.
Peace of Ryswyk.
Death of
Charles XI of Sweden and accession of Charles XII.
Accession of
Augustus II of Poland.
The Muscovite
Embassy to the West.
Féneelon’s Explanation of the Maxims of the Saints. Dryden’s Alexander’s Feast.
1698 June. Revolt of the Russian Strieltzy.
October.
First Treaty of Partition.
New English
East India Company (General Society) incorporated.
1698 British African trade thrown open.
J. Collier’s
Short View of the Profaneness and Immorality of the English Stage.
1699 January. Peace of Carlowitz.
February.
Death of Electoral Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria.
August. Accession of
Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway.
September.
Alliance between Denmark and Poland against Sweden.
November. Russia joins the
coalition against Sweden.
Beginning of
the great administrative reforms of Peter the Great.
1700 April. Act of Resumption of Irish grants:
May. Second
Treaty of Partition.
August. Peace
of Traventhal between Sweden and Denmark.
November.
Death of Charles II of Spain.
Battle of
Narva.
Foundation of
Berlin Academy of Sciences.
Defoe’s Two
Great Questions Considered.
1701 January. Coronation of Elector Frederick III of
Brandenburg as Frederick I,
King in
Prussia.
February.
Dutch Barrier fortresses occupied by French troops.
July.
Ontbreak of the War in Italy.
September.
The Grand Alliance formed.
Death of
James II. Recognition of his son as King by Louis. The Act of Settlement
passed.
Brandenburg-Prussia
gains the privilegium de non appellando.
Defoe’s True-born Englishman.
1702 February. Prince Eugene’s raid on Cremona.
March. Death
of William III. Accession of Anne.
May. Charles
XII in Warsaw.
July. Victory
of Charles XII at Klissow. Capture of Cracow.
August.
Failure of the English expedition against Cadiz.
September.
Marlborough reduces Venloo.
October.
Marlborough reduces Ruremonde and Liege. Rooke’s capture of the Plate fleet.
Godolphin and
Marlborough’s Tory Ministry formed.
1702-5 Rising
in the Cevennes.
1703 April. Victory of Charles XII at Pultusk.
May. Portugal
joins the Grand Alliance. Vienna threatened by Villars.
September. French
victory at Hochstadt.
December. The
Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal.
Act of
Security passed by the Scottish Parliament.
1704 January. Deposition of Augustus of Poland.
May-June.
Marlborough’s march to the Danube.
July.
Stanislaus Leszczynski elected King of Poland.
August.
Capture of Gibraltar, and naval battle off Velez Malaga.
Battle of
Blenheim.
November.
Convention of Ubersheim.
The English
Alien Act passed.
1704-5
Resignation of Tory Ministers. Whig additions to the Government.
1705 June. Swedish victory at Gemaurhof.
October.
Peterborough’s reduction of Barcelona. Catalonia and Valencia adopt the
Habsburg cause.
1706 February. Swedish victory at Fraustadt. Russian
retreat.
May. Battle
of Ramillies.
August. First
negotiations for peace opened by Louis.
September.
Eugene’s victory at Turin. French evacuation of Piedmont.
1706 October. Swedish defeat at Kalisch.
Peace of
Altranstadt between Sweden and Augustus of Saxony.
1707 March. Convention of Milan. The French abandon
northern Italy.
Act of Union between England and Scotland passed.
April. Defeat
of the Allies at Almanza.
August.
“Perpetual Alliance” between Sweden and Prussia.
Failure of Eugene’s attempt on Toulon.
Prussia
acquires Tecklenburg, Neuchatel, and Valengin.
Peter the
Great introduces into Russia the “civil script.”
Vauban’s Projet d’une dîme royale. Death of
Vauban.
1708 July. Battle of Oudenarde.
Victory of
Charles XII at Holowczyn.
September.
Swedish rout at Lyesna.
English
capture of Minorca.
Permanent
union of the two English East India Companies.
1708-9
Oct.-Feb. March of Charles XII through Severia and the Ukraine.
1708-10 Civil war in San Paulo. Portuguese
organisation of district.
1709 May. Peace negotiations. The “Preliminaries”
rejected by Louis.
Charles
XII lays siege to Poltawa.
June. Battle
of Poltawa. Revival of the northern league against Sweden.
September. Battle of
Malplaquet.
October.Alliance between Russia and Denmark against Sweden.
First Dutch Barrier Treaty
1709-14 Charles XII.-in Turkey.
1710 March. Negotiations at Gertruydenberg.
July. Victory
of the Allies at Aimenara.
August.
Victory of the Allies at Saragossa.
December.
Defeat of the Allies at Brihuega.
Indecisive
battle of Villa Viciosa.
Impeachment
of Sacheverell and fall of the Whigs. Tory Ministry of Harley and St John
formed.
1711 March. War between Russia and Turkey.
April. Death
of the Emperor Joseph I.
August. Peace
of the Pruth between Russia and Turkey.
October.
Election of the Emperor Charles VI.
December.
Dismissal of Marlborough.
Plague in
Copenhagen.
1712 January. Opening of peace negotiations at
Utrecht.
February.
Death of the Duke of Burgundy.
March. Death
of the Duke of Britanny.
July. Separate
armistice between England and France.
French
victory at Denain.
December.
Swedish victory over the Danes at Gadebusch.
Swift’s
Remarks on the Barrier Treaty.
1713 January. Second Dutch Barrier Treaty.
February.
Death of Frederick I of Prussia.
April. Peace
of Utrecht.
May. Swedish
capitulation at Oldensworth.
July. Peace
of Adrianople.
Issue of the
Bull Unigenitus.
Dumont’s
Letter to an Englishman.
1714 March. Peace of Rastatt.
Battle of Storkyro. Russia overruns Finland..
May. The
Schism Act.
1714 August. Death of Queen Anne. Accession of
George I.
September.
Peace of Baden.
1715 February. Peace between Spain and Portugal.
May-June.
Third Coalition against Sweden between Great Britain (Hanover), Denmark, and
Prussia.
September.
Death of Louis XIV.
November.
Third Dutch Barrier Treaty.
December.
Fall of Stralsund.
1716 Treaty of Danzig between Russia and
Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
1716-7
Russian expedition into Central Asia.
1718 December. Death of Charles XII of Sweden.
The
viceroyalty of New Granada created.
1719 First Russian envoy in Pekin.
1719-20
Nov.-Feb. Treaties of Stockholm.
1720 July. Peace of Frederiksborg between Sweden and
Denmark.
1721 August. Peace of Nystad between Sweden and
Russia.
October.
Peter the Great declared Emperor.
1722 Russian expansion in the Caspian provinces of
Persia.
Ostend
Company chartered.
Moravian
community founded at Hermhut.
1724 February. Treaty of Stockholm between Russia
and Sweden.
June. Treaty
of Constantinople between Russia and Turkey.
1725 January. Death of Peter the Great.
February.
Accession of Catharine I.
Anglo-Franco-Prussian
Treaty of Herrenhausen (Hanoverian Alliance).
1726 August Russia joins Austro-Spanish League.
1727 April. Treaty of Copenhagen between Denmark,
England, and France. May. Death of Catharine I. Accession of Peter II.
1729 Treaty of Seville between England, France, and
Spain.
1730 January. Death of Peter II and accession of
Anne.
1731 Ostend Company suppressed.
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