BOOK IX.THE FRANKISH EMPIRE.

CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER II.

CHAPTER THREE.

CHAPTER FOUR.

TWO COURTS : CONSTANTINOPLE AND AACHEN

CHAPTER V.

CHAPTER VI.

CHAPTER VII.

CHAPTER VIII.

CHAPTER IX.

CHAPTER X.

THE LIFE OF THE PEOPLE.

9 Feb. 772-20 Dec. 795. Pope Hadrian’s long pontificate

772-804. Charles the Great’s Thirty Years’ War with the Saxons

791-796. His war with the Avars

787-788. His war with Tassilo of Bavari

778. His war in Spain. Roncesvalles

775. Byzantine affairs. Constantine V succeeded by Leo IV (the Khazar)

780. Leo IV's death. Accession of Constantine VI and Irene

781. Marriage treaty: the Emperor and the daughter of Charles

787. Iconoclasm defeated, Second Nicene Council

790. Charles condemns the worship of images. The Libri Carolini

794. Council of Frankfurt . Hadrian declines to condemn the Second Nicene Council .

CHAPTER II. THE PONTIFICATE OF HADRIAN.

Hadrian’s complaints about Leo, archbishop of Ravenna . The duchy of Spoleto: shall it ‘commend’ itself to Hadrian or to Charles ? . Case of Castellum Felicitatis . Case of the Pope’s messengers, Gausfrid and Anastasius . Affair of Hrodgaud of Friuli and alleged anti-Frankish confederacy .

776. Overthrow of Hrodgaud .

776.778. Two years’ break in the correspondence. Hadrian alludes to the Donation of Constantine.

Distressed condition of Italy . Istria . Venetia . Ravenna . Spoleto

781. Charles’s second visit to Rome . Affairs of the monastery of Vulturno . The Sabine Patrimony of St. Peter . Duchy of Benevento. Adelperga . Salerno fortified . Struggle for Campania

780-786. Seven Years’ interval affairs

787. Charles’s third visit to Rome . Invasion of the duchy of Benevento . Death of Arichis of Benevento and his son . Intrigues of Beneventans with the Greeks . Grimwald son of Arichis a prisoner at Charles’s court . Negotiations as to his return

788. Greek invasion of South Italy: repelled by a combination of franks. Spoletans, and Bonoventans . Hadrian’s discontent at Grimwald’s return . Benevento under Grimwald

788-795. Chief European events during the last Seven years of Hadrian’s pontificate .

24 Dec. 795. Death of Hadrian

CHAPTER III. TASSILO OF BAVARIA.

July, 787. Synod of Worms . Charles invades Bavaria . Tassilo submits and swears fealty

6 June, 788. Tassilo summoned to trial on various charges . He is condemned and sent into a convent

794. Brought out again and compelled to appear at the synod of Frankfurt

CHAPTER IV. TWO COURTS: CONSTANTINOPLE AND AACHEN.

790-797. Struggle for power between Irene and her son Constantine V

797. It ends in his being arrested and blinded by her orders

797-803. Reign of Irene as sole Empress

795. Elevation of Pope Leo III . Conspiracy of Paschal is and Campulus

25 Apr. 799. Savage attack by the conspirators on the Pope . He escapes from his captors and takes refuge at Charles’s court . Alcuin utters the word Imperator . Leo’s return to Rome . Greek embassies to Aachen . Death of Gerold and Eric

800. Charles visits Neustria

4 June Death of his wife Liutgarda .

24 Nov. Charles’s fourth visit to Rome

Dec. The Pope exculpates himself from the charges brought against him by the conspirators . Paschalis and Campulus condemned

25 Dec. Charles the Great worships at St. Peter’s . He is crowned by the Pope and saluted by the Roman people as Augustus . . He spends the winter in Italy and returns to Germany after Easter

CHAPTER VI. CHARLES AND IRENE

804. End of the Saxon war . Second visit of Leo III to Charles’s court . Wars with Denmark . Relations with Constantinople. Scheme for marriage with Irene

31 Oct. 802. Irene deposed. Nicephorus Emperor . Charles serenely acquiesces in Irene's downfall

CHAPTER VII. VENICE.

801-802. The young Duke Mauritius II murders John, patriarch of Grado . Mauritius and his father deposed

804. Obelerius duke

806. Venetia and Dalmatia subject to Charles . A Byzantine fleet in the Adriatic Venice submits to the Eastern Empire . Demolition of Heraclea

810. Pippin, king of Italy, invades Venetia and makes the Venetians tributary . Foundation of the new Venice on the Rialto. Pippin’s Dalmatian expedition

8 July. His death

CHAPTER VIII. THE FINAL RECOGNITION.

25 July,811. Defeat and death of Nicephorus . Accession of Michael Rhangabé . His embassy recognises Charles as Emperor . Affairs of Benevento. Wars with Spoleto . Death of Grimwald I. Grimwald II accepts the Frankish sovereignty

CAROLUS MORTUUS.

harles’s scheme for the partition of his Empire . Deaths of th e younger Charles and Pippin

10 Sept.813. C oronation of Louis the Pious as Emperor

28 Jan. 814. Death and burial of Charles the Great.

READING HALL

THE DOORS OF WISDOM

ITALY AND HER INVADERS.