HISTORY OF GERMANY

FROM

THE EARLIEST PERIOD

WOLFGANG MENZEL

FIRST PERIOD: HEATHEN ANTIQUITY

PART I

ORIGIN AND MANNERS OF THE ANCIENT GERMANS

I.The Primitive Forests of Germany II. Origin of the Germans III. The Dark Ages IV. The Division of the Germans into Separate Tribes V. The Suevian Tribes VI. The Tribes of Lower Germany VII. The Germans VIII. Ancient German Heroism IX. Ancient Fellowship in Arms X. Armed Communities XI. Public Offices and Popular Assemblies XII. Public Property, Meres and Guilds XIII. The Allod or Freehold Property XIV. The Division into Classes XV. Single Combat and Fines (Wergeld) XVI. Courts of Justice and Laws XVII. Hospitality XVIII. Customs and Arts XIX. honour of Women XX. Wolen and Walkyren XXI. Ancient German Poesy XXII. Public Worship XXIII. Pagan Superstitions XXIV. The Ancient Idea of Nature XXV. The Gods XXVI. Historical Ideas

PART II

THE WARS WITH THE ROMANS

XXVII.The Romans XXVIII. The Senones and the Boii in Italy XXIX. The Senones and the Boii in Greece and Asia Minor XXX. The Romans in the Alps XXXI. The Getae and Bastarnae XXXII. Irruption of the Cimbri and Teutones [BC 113] XXXIII. The Destruction of the Teutones XXXIV.The Destruction of the Cimbri XXXV. Mithridates—The Insurrection of the Cimbrian Slaves—The Suevic Confederation XXXVI. Ariovistus XXXVII. Caesar on the Rhine XXXVIII. Ambiorix XXXIX. Boirebistas XL. Drusus XLI. Varus in Germany XLII. The Battle in the Teutoburg Forest XLIII. Germanicus on the Rhine XLIV. Marbod XLV. The Death of Armin XLVI. Civilis and Velleda XLVII. Internal Dissensions Among the Germans XLVIII. Dezebal XLIX. Roman Provinces on the Rhine and Danube

PART III

THE MIGRATION

L.Revolt of the whole German Nation against Rome LI. The War of the Marcomanni LII. The Alemanni LIII. Alemannic Warriors LIV. The Franks LV. Frankish Upstarts and Traitors LVI. The Saxons LVII. The Goths LVIII. Great Irruption against Rome LIX. The Great Empire of Hermanarich—Origin of the Huns LX. Migration of the Goths into the Roman Empire LXI. Alaric LXII. The Vandals, Alani, Suevi, and Visigoths in Spain LXIII. The Alemanni in Switzerland—The Burgundians in Alsace LXIV. The Salic Law LXV. Etzel /Attila LXVI. Geiserich LXVII. Odoachar

PART IV

THE TRANSITION FROM PAGANISM TO CHRISTIANITY

LXVIII. The Propagation of the Gospel LXIX. The Spirit of Christianity LXX. The Catholic Doctrine LXXI. Commencement of the Hierarchy LXXII. The Monasteries LXXIII. The Catholic Form of Worship LXXIV. The Christian Kings LXXV. State Assemblies, Dukes and Counts LXXVI. The Laws LXXVII. The Feudal System LXXVIII. Migrations and New Languages

PART V

THE CONTESTS BETWEEN THE GOTHS AND FRANKS

LXXIX. Theodorich the Great LXXX. Chlodwig LXXXI. Gundehald LXXXII. The Extension of France Under the Sons of Chlodwig LXXXIII. Fall of the Kingdoms of Thuringia and Burgundy LXXXIV. Fall of the Kingdom of the Vandals LXXXV. The Ostrogothic War—Vitigis LXXXVI. Totilas—Tejas—Fall of the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths LXXXVII. Origin of the Longobardi—Fate of the Heruli and Gepidae LXXXVIII. Alboin in Italy LXXXIX. Theodolinda XC. The Crimes of the Merovingians XCI. Fredegunda XCII. Brunehilda XCIII. Grimoald XCIV. Fall of the Suevian and Visigothic Kingdom in Spain XCV. Mahomet and the Arabians XCVI. The Anglo-Saxons

PART VI

CHARLEMAGNE

XCVII. The Austrasian Mayors of the Palace XCVIII. Pipin von Landen XCIX. Pipin von Heristal C. Charles Martell CI. Pipin the Little CII. St. Bonifacius CIII. Charlemagne CIV. Fall of the Kingdom of Lombardy CV. The Saxon Wars CVI. The Progress of the Saxon Wars CVII. Termination of the Saxon Wars CVIII. The Wars in Spain CIX. Thassilo CX. The Wars with the Slavi CXI. The Wars with the Avari CXII. The Wars with the Norsemen CXIII. Charlemagne the First of the German Caesars CXIV. The Empire under Charlemagne CXV. The Church under Charlemagne CXVI. The State of Learning under Charlemagne CXVII. Charlemagne

PART VII

THE HISTORY OF THE NORTH

CXVIII. Odin CXIX. The Kings CXX. The Danes CXXI. The Swedes CXXII. The Norwegians CXXIII. Christianity and the Feudal System in the North CXXIV. Iceland and Greenland CXXV. The Norsemen

SECOND PERIOD - THE MIDDLE AGES

PART VIII

THE CAROLINGIANS

CXXVI. Louis the Pious and his Sons CXXVII. The Incursions of the Norsemen CXXVIII. Rise of the great Vassals and of the Popes CXXIX. Charles the Thick and Arnulf CXXX. The Babenberg Feud—The Hungarians CXXXI. Conrad the First

PART IX

THE SAXON EMPERORS

CXXXII. Henry the Fowler—Origin of the Middle Classes CXXXIII. Conquests in the Slavian Northeast—Defeat of the Hungarians CXXXIV. Otto the First CXXXV. The Reincorporation of Italy with the Empire CXXXVI. Otto the Second and Otto the Third CXXXVII. Henry the Second, the Holy CXXXVIII. Immunities—Increasing Importance of the Churches and Cities, and Consequent Decrease of the Ducal Power

PART X

THE FRANCONIAN, SALIC EMPERORS

CXXXIX. Conrad the Second CXL. Henry the Third CXLI. Ecclesiastical Government of the Empire CXLII. Henry the Fourth CXLIII. Gregory the Seventh CXLIV. The Papal Kings CXLV. The Crusades CXLVI. Henry the Fifth CXLVII. Lothar the Third

PART XI

THE SWABIAN DYNASTY

CXLVIII. Conrad the Third. CXLIX. The Crusade of Conrad the Third CL. Frederick Barbarossa CLI. Henry the Lion CLII. Barbarossa's Crusade and Death CLIII. Leopold of Austria and Richard Coeur de Lion CLIV. Henry the Sixth CLV. Philip, and Otto the Fourth CLVI.Frederick the Second CLVII. The Inquisition—The Humiliation of Denmark CLVIII. German Rulers in Livonia and Prussia—The Tartar Fight CLIX. The Last Battles of Freder ick the Second CLX. Conrad the Fourth and Conradin CLXI. The Interregnum