HISTORY OF GREECE.CHAPTER XVIII . CLOSING EVENTS OF LEGENDARY GREECE. PERIOD OF INTERMEDIATE DARKNESS BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORICAL GREECE. "> <meta name="owner" content="GEORGE GROTE"> <meta html="" lang=" English"> <meta name="robot" content="index, follow"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <style type="text/css">  </style><div align="center"> <p><a href="https://www.hitwebcounter.com" target="_blank"><img src="https://hitwebcounter.com/counter/counter.php?page=7955905&style=0019&nbdigits=7&type=page&initCount=0" title="Free Counter" Alt="web counter" border="0" /></a></p> </div> <table width="695" align="center" cellspacing="10" background="../../../../images/libros.gif"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="32%" height="37" bgcolor="#FFFF99"><div align="center" class="Stil5"><font size="+3" face="Algerian"><a href="../../../../../../index.html">CRISTO RAUL.ORG </a></font></div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table width="1300" align="center" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="20" background="../../../Medieval-History-Chapters/images/libros.gif"> <tr> <td width="234" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><a href="../../../../../divine-history/DIVINE-HISTORY.html"><img src="../../../../../../images/DIVINE-HISTORY.jpg" width="224" height="224" border="5"></a></td> <td width="645" align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><h1 align="center"><a href="../../../../CRISTORAUL_ReadingHall_The-Doors-of-Wisdom.html">READING HALL</a></h1> <h1 align="center"><a href="../../../../CRISTORAUL_ReadingHall_The-Doors-of-Wisdom.html">THE DOORS OF WISDOM</a></h1></td> <td width="309" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><a href="../../../../../GENESIS/Introduction-to-the-Creation-of-the-Universe-according-the-Genesis_BOOK.html"><img src="../../../../../../images/GENESIS-CSXXI.jpg" width="299" height="224" border="5"></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="1300" align="center" cellspacing="30" background="../IMAGES/BG3.jpg"> <tr> <td width="38" height="76"> </td> <td width="1166" align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><h1><a href="../HISTORY-OF-GREECE_book-contents.html">GEORGE GROTE'S HISTORY OF GREECE</a> </h1> <div class=WordSection1> <h1 class=MsoNormal3 align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>LEGENDARY GREECE </span></h1> <h1 align=center class=MsoNormal3 Estilo1 style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>CHAPTER XVIII <o:p></o:p> . </span></h1> <h2 align=center class=MsoNormal3 Estilo1 style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>CLOSING EVENTS OF LEGENDARY GREECE. </span></h2> <h2 align=center class=MsoNormal3 Estilo1 style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>PERIOD OF INTERMEDIATE DARKNESS BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORICAL GREECE. <o:p></o:p> </span></h2> <h2 class=MsoNormal3 align=center style='text-align:center'> </h2> <h2 class=MsoNormal3 align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>SECTION I. </span></h2> <h2 class=MsoNormal3 align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>RETURN OF THE HERAKLEIDS INTO PELOPONNESUS. <o:p></o:p> </span></h2> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>IN one of the preceding chapters, we have traced the descending series of the two most distinguished mythical families in Peloponnesus,—the Perseids and the <span class=SpellE3>Pelopids</span>: we have followed the former down to Heracles and his son Hyllus, and the latter down to Orestes son of Agamemnon, who is left in possession of that ascendancy in the peninsula which had procured for his father the chief command in the Trojan war. The <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>, or sons of Heracles, on the other hand, are expelled fugitives, dependent upon foreign aid or protection: Hyllus had perished in single combat with <span class=SpellE3>Echemus</span> of Tegea, (connected with the <span class=SpellE3>Pelopids</span> by marriage with Timandra sister of Clytemnestra,) and a solemn compact had been made, as the preliminary condition of this duel, that no similar attempt at an invasion of the peninsula should be undertaken by his family for the space of one hundred years. At the end of the stipulated period the attempt was renewed, and with complete success; but its success was owing, not so much to the valor of the invaders as to a powerful body of new allies. The <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span> reappear as leaders and companions of the Dorians,— a northerly section of the Greek name, who now first come into importance,—poor, indeed, in mythical renown, since they are never noticed in the Iliad, and only once casually mentioned in the Odyssey, as a fraction among the many-tongued inhabitants of Crete,—but destined to form one of the grand and predominant elements throughout all the career of historical Hellas. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Kleodeus—as well as his grandson <span class=SpellE3>Aristomachus</span>, were now dead, and the lineage of Heracles was represented by the three sons of the latter,—Temenus, <span class=SpellE3>Kresphontes</span>, and Aristodemus, and under their conduct the Dorians penetrated into the peninsula. The mythical account traced back this intimate union between the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span> and the Dorians to a prior war, in which Heracles himself had rendered inestimable aid to the Dorian king <span class=SpellE3>Egimius</span>, when the latter was hard pressed in a contest with the <span class=SpellE3>Lapithae</span>. Heracles defeated the <span class=SpellE3>Lapithae</span>, and slew their king <span class=SpellE3>Koronus</span>; in return for which <span class=SpellE3>Egimius</span> assigned to his deliverer one third part of his whole territory, and adopted Hyllus as his son. Heracles desired that the territory thus made over might be held in reserve until a time should come when his descendants might stand in need of it; and that time did come, after the death of Hyllus. Some of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span> then found shelter at <span class=SpellE3>Trikorythus</span> in Attica, but the remainder, turning their steps towards <span class=SpellE3>Egimius</span>, solicited from him the allotment of land which had been promised to their valiant progenitor. <span class=SpellE3>Egimius</span> received them according to his engagement, and assigned to them the stipulated third portion of his territory and from this moment the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span> and Dorians became intimately united together into one social communion. <span class=SpellE3>Pamphylus</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Dymas</span>, sons of <span class=SpellE3>Egimius</span>, accompanied Temenus and his two brothers in their invasion of Peloponnesus. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Such is the mythical incident which professes to explain the origin of those three tribes into which all the Dorian communities were usually divided,—the <span class=SpellE3>Hylleis</span>, the <span class=SpellE3>Phamphyli</span>, and the <span class=SpellE3>Dymanes</span>,—the first of the three including certain particular families, such as that of the kings of Sparta, who bore the special name of <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>. Hyllus, <span class=SpellE3>Pamphylus</span>, and <span class=SpellE3>Dymas</span> are the eponymous heroes of the three Dorian tribes. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 Estilo2 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>DORIAN INVASION OF PELOPONNESUS. <o:p></o:p> </span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Temenus and his two brothers resolved to attack Peloponnesus, not by a land-march along the Isthmus, such as that in which Hyllus had been previously slain, but by sea, across the narrow inlet between the promontories of <span class=SpellE3>Rhium</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Antirrhium</span>, with which the Gulf of Corinth commences. According to one story, indeed,—which, however, does not seem to have been known to Herodotus,—they are said to have selected this line of march by the express direction of the Delphian god, who vouchsafed to expound to them an oracle which had been delivered to Hyllus in the ordinary equivocal phraseology. Both the <span class=SpellE3>Ozolian</span> <span class=SpellE3>Lokrians</span>, and the <span class=SpellE3>Etolians</span>, inhabitants of the northern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, were favorable to the enterprise, and the former granted to them a port for building their ships, from which memorable circumstance the port ever afterwards bore the name of <span class=SpellE3>Naupaktus</span>. Aristodemus was here struck with lightning and died, leaving twin sons, Eurysthenes and <span class=SpellE3>Prokles</span>; but his remaining brothers continued to press the expedition with alacrity. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>At this juncture, an Acarnanians prophet named Carnus presented himself in the camps under the inspiration of Apollo, and uttered various predictions: he was, however, so much suspected of treacherous collusion with the Peloponnesians, that <span class=SpellE3>Hippotes</span>, great-grandson of Heracles through <span class=SpellE3>Phylas</span> and Antiochus, slew him. His death drew upon the army the wrath of Apollo, who destroyed their vessels and punished them with famine. Temenus, in his distress, again applying to the Delphian god for succor and counsel, was made acquainted with the cause of so much suffering, and was directed to banish <span class=SpellE3>Hippotes</span> for ten years, to offer expiatory sacrifice for the death of Carnus, and to seek as the guide of the army a man with three eyes. On coming back to <span class=SpellE3>Naupaktus</span>, he met the <span class=SpellE3>Etolian</span> <span class=SpellE3>Oxyltis</span>, son of Andraemon, returning to his country, after a temporary exile in Elis, incurred for homicide: <span class=SpellE3>Oxylus</span> had lost one eye, but as he was seated on a horse, the man and the horse together made up the three eyes required, and he was adopted as the guide prescribed by the oracle. Conducted by him, they refitted their ships, landed on the opposite coast of Achaia, and marched to attack <span class=SpellE3>Tisamenus</span>, son of Orestes, then the great potentate of the peninsula. A decisive battle was fought, in which the latter was vanquished and slain, and in which <span class=SpellE3>Pamphylus</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Dymas</span> also perished. This battle made the Dorians so completely masters of the Peloponnesus, that they proceeded to distribute the territory among themselves. The fertile land of Elis had been by previous stipulation reserved for <span class=SpellE3>Oxylus</span>, as a recompense for his services as conductor: and it was agreed that the three <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>,—Temenus, <span class=SpellE3>Kresphontes</span>, and the infant sons of Aristodemus,—should draw lots for Argos, Sparta, and Messene. Argos fell to Temenus, Sparta to the sons of Aristodemus, and Messene to <span class=SpellE3>Kresphontes</span>; the latter having secured for himself this prize, the most fertile territory of the three, by the fraud of putting into the vessel out of which the lots were drawn, a lump of clay instead of a stone, whereby the lots of his brothers were drawn out while his own remained inside. Solemn sacrifices were offered by each upon this partition: but as they proceeded to the ceremony, a miraculous sign was seen upon the altar of each of the brothers,—a toad corresponding to Argos, a serpent to Sparta, and a fox to Messene. The prophets, on being consulted, delivered the import of these mysterious indications: the toad, as an animal slow and stationary, was an evidence that the possessor of Argos would not succeed in enterprises beyond the limits of his own city; the serpent denoted the aggressive and formidable future reserved to Sparta; the fox prognosticated a career of wile and deceit to the Messenian. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>MYTHICAL BEARING OF THE STORY <o:p></o:p> </span></strong></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Such is the brief account given by Apollodorus of the Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>, at which point we pass, as if touched by the wand of a magician, from mythical to historical Greece. The story bears on the face of it the stamp, not of history, but of legend,— abridged from one or more of the genealogical poets, and presenting such an account as they thought satisfactory, of the first formation of the great Dorian establishments in Peloponnesus, as well as of the semi-Aetolian Elis. Its incidents are so conceived as to have an explanatory bearing on Dorian institutions,—upon the triple division of tribes, characteristic of the Dorians,—upon the origin of the great festival of the <span class=SpellE3>Karneia</span> at Sparta, alleged to be celebrated in expiation of the murder of Carnus,—upon the different temper and character of the Dorian states among themselves,—upon the early alliance of the Dorians with Elis, which contributed to give ascendency and vogue to the Olympic games,—upon the reverential dependence of Dorians towards the Delphian oracle,—and, lastly, upon the etymology of the name <span class=SpellE3>Naupaktus</span>. If we possessed the narrative more in detail, we should probably find many more examples of coloring of the legendary past suitable to the circumstances of the historical present. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Above all, this legend makes out in favor of the Dorians and their kings a mythical title to their Peloponnesian establishments; Argos, Sparta, and Messene are presented as rightfully belonging, and restored by just retribution, to the children of Heracles. It was to them that Zeus had especially given the territory of Sparta; the Dorians came in as their subjects and auxiliaries. Plato gives a very different version of the legend, but we find that he, too, turns the story in such a manner as to embody a claim of right on the part of the conquerors. According to him, the Achaeans, who returned from the capture of Troy, found among their fellow-citizens at home—the race which had grown up during their absence—an aversion to readmit them: after a fruitless endeavor to make good their rights, they were at last expelled, but not without much contest and bloodshed. A leader named Dorieus, collected all these exiles into one body, and from him they received the name of Dorians instead of Achaeans; then marching back, under the conduct of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span> into Peloponnesus, they recovered by force the possessions from which they had been shut out, and constituted the three Dorian establishments under the separate <span class=SpellE3>Herakleid</span> brothers, at Argos, Sparta, and Messene. These three fraternal dynasties were founded upon a scheme of intimate union and sworn alliance one with the other, for the purpose of resisting any attack which might be made upon them from Asia, either by the remaining Trojans or by their allies. Such is the story as Plato believed it; materially different in the incidents related, yet analogous in mythical feeling, and embodying alike the idea of a rightful reconquest. Moreover, the two accounts agree in representing both the entire conquest and the triple division of Dorian Peloponnesus as begun and completed in one and the same enterprise,—so as to constitute one single event, which Plato would probably have called the Return of the Achaeans, but which was commonly known as the Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>. Though this is both inadmissible and inconsistent with other statements which approach close to the historical times, yet it bears every mark of being the primitive view originally presented by the genealogical poets: the broad way in which the incidents are grouped together, was at once easy for the imagination to follow, and impressive to the feelings. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The existence of one legendary account must never be understood as excluding the probability of other accounts, current at the same time, but inconsistent with it: and many such there were as to the first establishment of the Peloponnesian Dorians. In the narrative which I have given from Apollodorus, conceived apparently under the influence of Dorian feelings, <span class=SpellE3>Tisamenus</span> is stated to have been slain in the invasion. But according to another narrative, which seems to have found favor with the historical Achaeans on the north coast of Peloponnesus, <span class=SpellE3>Tisamenus</span>, though expelled by the invaders from his kingdom of Sparta or Argos, was not slain: he was allowed to retire under agreement, together with a certain portion of his subjects, and he directed his steps towards the coast of Peloponnesus south of the Corinthian Gulf, then occupied by the Ionians. As there were relations, not only of friendship, but of kindred origin, between Ionians and Achaeans, (the eponymous heroes Ion and Achaeus pass for brothers, both sons of Xuthus), <span class=SpellE3>Tisamenus</span> solicited from the Ionians admission for himself and his fellow-fugitives into their territory. The leading Ionians declining this request, under the apprehension that <span class=SpellE3>Tisamenus</span> might be chosen as sovereign over the whole, the latter accomplished his object by force. After a vehement struggle, the Ionians were vanquished and put to flight, and <span class=SpellE3>Tisamenus</span> thus acquired possession of <span class=SpellE3>Helike</span>, as well as of the northern coast of the peninsula, westward from Sicyon; which coast continued to be occupied by the Achaeans, and received its name from them, throughout all the historical times. The Ionians retired to Attica, many of them taking part in what is called the Ionic emigration to the coast of Asia Minor, which followed shortly after. Pausanias, indeed, tells us that <span class=SpellE3>Tisamenus</span>, having gained a decisive victory over the Ionians, fell in the engagement, and did not himself live to occupy the country of which his troops remained masters. But this story of the death of <span class=SpellE3>Tisamenus</span> seems to arise from a desire, on the part of Pausanias, to blend together into one narrative two discrepant legends; at least the historical Achaeans in later times continued to regard <span class=SpellE3>Tisamenus</span> himself as having lived and reigned in their territory, and as having left a regal dynasty which lasted down to <span class=SpellE3>Ogyges</span>, after whom it was exchanged for a popular government. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The conquest of Temenus, the eldest of the three <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>, originally comprehended only Argos and its neighborhood; it was from thence that <span class=SpellE3>Troezen</span>, Epidaurus, Egina, <span class=SpellE3>Sikyon</span>, and <span class=SpellE3>Phlius</span> were successfully occupied by Dorians, the sons and son-in-law of Temenus—<span class=SpellE3>Deiphontes</span>, <span class=SpellE3>Phalkes</span>, and <span class=SpellE3>Keisus</span>—being the leaders under whom this was accomplished. At Sparta, the success of the Dorians was furthered by the treason of a man named <span class=SpellE3>Philonomus</span>, who received as recompense the neighboring town and territory of <span class=SpellE3>Amyklae</span>. Messenia is said to have submitted without resistance to the dominion of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleid</span> <span class=SpellE3>Kresphontes</span>, who established his residence at <span class=SpellE3>Stenyklarus</span>: the <span class=SpellE3>Pylian</span> <span class=SpellE3>Melanthus</span>, then ruler of the country, and representative of the great mythical lineage of Neleus and Nestor, withdrew with his household gods and with a portion of his subjects to Attica. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><strong>OXYLUS AND THE ETOLIANS IN ELIS</strong> <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The only Dorian establishment in the peninsula not directly connected with the triple partition is Corinth, which is said to have been Dorized somewhat later and under another leader, though still a <span class=SpellE3>Herakleid</span>. <span class=SpellE3>Hippotes</span>—descendant of Heracles in the fourth generation, but not through Hyllus,—had been guilty (as already mentioned) of the murder of <span class=SpellE3>Karnus</span> the prophet at the camp of <span class=SpellE3>Naupaktus</span>, for which he had been banished and remained in exile for ten years; his son deriving the name of <span class=SpellE3>Aletes</span> from the long wanderings endured by the father. At the head of a body of Dorians, <span class=SpellE3>Aletes</span> attacked Corinth: he pitched his camp on the <span class=SpellE3>Solygeian</span> eminence near the city, and harassed the inhabitants with constant warfare until he compelled them to surrender. Even in the time of the Peloponnesian war, the Corinthians professed to identify the hill on which the camp of these assailants had been placed. The great mythical dynasty of the <span class=SpellE3>Sisyphids</span> was expelled, and <span class=SpellE3>Aletes</span> became ruler and <span class=SpellE3>Ekist</span> of the Dorian city; many of the inhabitants, however, Eolic or Ionic, departed. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The settlement of <span class=SpellE3>Oxylus</span> and his <span class=SpellE3>Etolians</span> in Elis is said by some to have been accomplished with very little opposition; the leader professing himself to be descended from <span class=SpellE3>Etolus</span>, who had been in a previous age banished from Elis into <span class=SpellE3>Etelia</span>, and the two people, <span class=SpellE3>Epeians</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Etolians</span>, acknowledging a kindred origin one with the other. At first, indeed, according to Ephorus, the <span class=SpellE3>Epeians</span> appeared in arms, determined to repel the intruders, but at length it was agreed on both sides to abide the issue of a single combat. <span class=SpellE3>Degmenus</span>, the champion of the <span class=SpellE3>Epeians</span>, confided in the long shot of his bow and arrow; but the <span class=SpellE3>Etolian</span> <span class=SpellE3>Pyraichmes</span> came provided with his sling,—a weapon then unknown and recently invented by the <span class=SpellE3>Etolians</span>,—the range of which was yet longer than that of the bow of his enemy: he thus killed <span class=SpellE3>Degmenus</span>, and secured the victory to <span class=SpellE3>Oxylus</span> and his followers. According to one statement, the <span class=SpellE3>Epeians</span> were expelled; according to another, they fraternized amicably with the new-comers: whatever may be the truth as to this matter, it is certain that their name is from this moment lost, and that they never reappear among the historical elements of Greece: we hear from this time forward only of Eleians, said to be of <span class=SpellE3>Etolian</span> descent. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>One most important privilege was connected with the possession of the Eleian territory by <span class=SpellE3>Oxylus</span>, coupled with his claim on the gratitude of the Dorian kings. The Eleians acquired the administration of the temple at Olympia, which the Achaeans are said to have possessed before them; and in consideration of this sacred function, which subsequently ripened into the celebration of the great Olympic games, their territory was solemnly pronounced to be inviolable. Such was the statement of Ephorus: we find, in this case as in so many others, that the Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span> is made to supply a legendary basis for the historical state of things in Peloponnesus. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>ACHAEAN LEGENDS ADOPTED DY THE DORIANS <o:p></o:p> </span></strong></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>It was the practice of the great Attic tragedians, with rare exceptions, to select the subjects of their composition from the heroic or legendary world, and Euripides had composed three dramas, now lost, on the adventures of Temenus with his daughter <span class=SpellE3>Hyrnetho</span> and his son-in-law <span class=SpellE3>Deiphontes</span>,—on the family misfortunes of <span class=SpellE3>Kresphontes</span> and Merope,—and on the successful valor of Archelaus the son of Temenus in Macedonia, where he was alleged to have first begun the dynasty of the <span class=SpellE3>Temenid</span> kings. Of these subjects the first and second were eminently tragical, and the third, relating to Archelaus, appears to have been undertaken by Euripides in compliment to his contemporary sovereign and patron, Archelaus king of Macedonia: we are even told that those exploits which the usual version of the legend ascribed to Temenus, were reported in the drama of Euripides to have been performed by Archelaus his son. Of all the heroes, touched upon by the three Attic tragedians, these Dorian <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span> stand lowest in the descending genealogical series—one mark amongst others that we are approaching the ground of genuine history. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Though the name Achaeans, as denoting a people, is henceforward confined to the North-Peloponnesian territory specially called Achaia, and to the inhabitants of Achaea, <span class=SpellE3>Phthiotis</span>, north of Mount Eta,—and though the great Peloponnesian states always seem to have prided themselves on the title of Dorians—yet we find the kings of Sparta, ever in the historical age taking pains to appropriate to themselves the mythical glories of the Achaeans, and to set themselves forth as the representatives of Agamemnon and Orestes. The Spartan king Kleomenes even went so far as to disavow formally any Dorian parentage; for when the priestess at Athens refused to permit him to sacrifice in the temple of Athene, on the plea that it was peremptorily closed to all Dorians, he replied: "I am no Dorian, but an Achaean." Not only did the Spartan envoy, before Gelon of Syracuse, connect the indefeasible title of his country to the supreme command of the Grecian military force, with the ancient name and lofty prerogatives of Agamemnon—but, in farther pursuance of the same feeling, the Spartans are said to have carried to Sparta both the bones of Orestes from Tegea, and those of <span class=SpellE3>Tisamenus</span> from <span class=SpellE3>Helike</span>, at the injunction of the Delphian oracle. There is also a story that <span class=SpellE3>Oxylus</span> in Elis was directed by the same oracle to invite into his country an Achaean, as <span class=SpellE3>Ekist</span> conjointly with himself; and that he called in <span class=SpellE3>Agorius</span>, the great-grandson of Orestes, from <span class=SpellE3>Helike</span>, with a small number of Achaeans who joined him. The Dorians themselves, being singularly poor in native legends, endeavored, not unnaturally, to decorate themselves with those legendary ornaments which the Achaeans possessed in abundance. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>As a consequence of the Dorian establishments in Peloponnesus, several migrations of the preexisting inhabitants are represented as taking place: <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1. The <span class=SpellE3>Epeians</span> of Elis are either expelled, or merged in the new-comers under <span class=SpellE3>Oxylus</span>, and lose their separate name. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2. The <span class=SpellE3>Pylians</span>, together with the great heroic family of Neleus and his son Nester, who preside over them, give place to the Dorian establishment of Messenia, and retire to Athens, where their leader, <span class=SpellE3>Melanthus</span>, becomes king: a large portion of them take part in the subsequent Ionic emigration. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>3. A portion of the Achaeans, under <span class=SpellE3>Penthilus</span> and other descendants of Orestes, leave Peloponnesus, and form what is called the Eolic emigration, to Lesbos, the <span class=SpellE3>Troad</span>, and the Gulf of Adramyttium: the name <span class=SpellE3>Eolians</span>, unknown to Homer, and seemingly never applied to any separate tribe at all, being introduced to designate a large section of the Hellenic name, partly in Greece Proper, and partly in Asia. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>4. Another portion of Achaeans expel the Ionians from Achaia, properly so called, in the north of Peloponnesus; the Ionians retiring to Attica. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The Homeric poems describe Achaeans, <span class=SpellE3>Pylians</span>, and <span class=SpellE3>Epeians</span>, in Peloponnesus, but take no notice of Ionians in the northern district of Achaia: on the contrary, the Catalogue in the Iliad distinctly includes this territory under the dominions of Agamemnon. Though the Catalogue of Homer is not to be regarded as an historical document, fit to be called as evidence for the actual state of Peloponnesus at any prior time, it certainly seems a better authority than the statements advanced by Herodotus and others respecting the occupation of northern Peloponnesus by the Ionians, and their expulsion from it by <span class=SpellE3>Tisamenus</span>. In so far as the Catalogue is to be trusted, it negatives the idea of Ionians at <span class=SpellE3>Helike</span>, and countenances what seems in itself a more natural supposition—that the historical Achaeans in the north part of Peloponnesus are a small undisturbed remnant of the powerful Achaean population once distributed throughout the peninsula, until it was broken up and partially expelled by the Dorians. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The Homeric legends; unquestionably the oldest which we possess, are adapted to a population of Achaeans, <span class=SpellE3>Danaeans</span>, and <span class=SpellE3>Argeians</span>, seemingly without any special and recognized names, either aggregate or divisional, other than the name of each separate tribe or kingdom. The post-Homeric legends are adapted to a population classified quite differently—Hellens, distributed into Dorians, Ionians, and Aeolians. If we knew more of the time and circumstances in which these different legends grew up, we should probably be able to explain their discrepancy; but in our present ignorance we can only note the fact. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Whatever difficulty modern criticism may find in regard to the event called “The Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>”, no doubt is expressed about it even by the best historians of antiquity. Thucydides accepts it as a single and literal event, having its assignable date, and carrying at one blow the acquisition of Peloponnesus. The date of it he fixes as eighty years after the capture of Troy. Whether he was the original determiner of this epoch, or copied it from some previous author, we do not know. It must have been fixed according to some computation of generations, for there were no other means accessible—probably by means of the lineage of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>, which, as belonging to the kings of Sparta, constituted the most public and conspicuous thread of connection between the Grecian real and mythical world, and measured the interval between the Siege of Troy itself and the first recorded Olympiad. Heracles himself represents the generation before the siege, and his son <span class=SpellE3>Tlepolemus</span> fights in the besieging army. If we suppose the first generation after Heracles to commence with the beginning of the siege, the fourth generation after him will coincide with the ninetieth year after the same epoch; and therefore, deducting ten years for the duration of the struggle, it will coincide with the eightieth year after the capture of the city; thirty years being reckoned for a generation. The date assigned by Thucydides will thus agree with the distance in which Temenus, <span class=SpellE3>Kresphontes</span>, and Aristodemus, stand removed from Heracles. The interval of eighty years, between the capture of Troy and the Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>, appears to have been admitted by Apollodorus and Eratosthenes, and some other professed chronologists of antiquity: but there were different reckonings which also found more or less of support. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p align=center class=MsoNormal3 style='text-align:center' Estilo1><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>SECTION II. <o:p></o:p> </span></strong></p> <p align=center class=MsoNormal3 style='text-align:center'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>MIGRATION OF THESSALIANS AND BEOTIANS. <o:p></o:p> </span></strong></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>In the same passage in which Thucydides speaks of the Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>, he also marks out the date of another event a little antecedent, which is alleged to have powerfully affected the condition of Northern Greece. “Sixty years after the capture of Troy (he tells us) the Boeotians were driven by the Thessalians from Arne, and migrated into the land then called <span class=SpellE3>Kadmeis</span>, but now Boeotia, wherein there had previously dwelt a section of their race, who had contributed the contingent to the Trojan war”." <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The expulsion here mentioned, of the Boeotians from Arne “by the Thessalians”, has been construed, with probability, to allude to the immigration of the Thessalians, properly so called, from the <span class=SpellE3>Thesprotid</span> in Epirus into Thessaly. That the Thessalians had migrated into Thessaly from the <span class=SpellE3>Thesprotid</span> territory, is stated by Herodotus, though he says nothing about time or circumstances. <span class=SpellE3>Antiphus</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Pheidippus</span> appear in the Homeric Catalogue as commanders of the Grecian contingent from the islands of Kos and <span class=SpellE3>Karpathus</span>, on the south-east coast of Asia Minor: they are sons of <span class=SpellE3>Thessalus</span>, who is himself the son of Heracles. A legend ran that these two chiefs, in the dispersion which ensued after the victory, had been driven by storms into the Ionian Gulf, and cast upon the coast of Epirus, where they landed and settled at <span class=SpellE3>Ephyre</span> in the <span class=SpellE3>Thesprotid</span>. It was <span class=SpellE3>Thessalus</span>, grandson of <span class=SpellE3>Pheidippus</span>, who was reported to have conducted the <span class=SpellE3>Thesprotians</span> across the passes of Pindus into Thessaly, to have conquered the fertile central plain of that country, and to have imposed upon it his own name instead of its previous denomination Aeolis. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Whatever we may think of this legend as it stands, the state of Thessaly during the historical ages renders it highly probable that the Thessalians, properly so called, were a body of immigrant conquerors. They appear always as a rude, warlike, violent, and uncivilized race, distinct from their neighbors the Achaeans, the <span class=SpellE3>Magnetes</span>, and the Perrhaebians, and holding all the three in tributary dependence: these three tribes stand to them in a relation analogous to that of the <span class=SpellE3>Lacedoemonian</span> <span class=SpellE3>Perioeki</span> towards Sparta, while the <span class=SpellE3>Penestae</span>, who cultivated their lands, are almost an exact parallel of the Helots. Moreover, the low level of taste and intelligence among the Thessalians, as well as certain points of their costume, assimilates them more to Macedonians or <span class=SpellE3>Epirots</span> than to Hellens. Their position in Thessaly is in many respects analogous to that of the Spartan Dorians in Peloponnesus, and there seems good reason for concluding that the former, as well as the latter, were originally victorious invaders, though we cannot pretend to determine the time at which the invasion took place. The great family of the <span class=SpellE3>Aleuads</span>, and probably other Thessalian families besides, were descendants of Heracles, like the kings of Sparta. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>There are no similar historical grounds, in the case of the alleged migration of the Boeotians from Thessaly to Boeotia, to justify a belief in the main fact of the legend, nor were the different legendary stories in harmony one with the other. While the Homeric Epic recognizes the Boeotians in Boeotia, but not in Thessaly, Thucydides records a statement which he had found of their migration from the latter into the former; but in order to escape the necessity of flatly contradicting Homer, he inserts the parenthesis that there had been previously an outlying fraction of Boeotians in Boeotia at the time of the Trojan war, from whom the troops who served with Agamemnon were drawn. Nevertheless, the discrepancy with the Iliad, though less strikingly obvious, is not removed, inasmuch as the Catalogue is unusually copious in enumerating the contingents from Thessaly, without once mentioning Boeotian. Homer distinguishes Orchomenus from Boeotia, and be does not specially notice Thebes in the Catalogue: in other respects his enumeration of the towns coincides pretty well with the ground historically known afterwards under the name of Boeotia. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Pausanias gives us a short sketch of the events which he supposes to have intervened in this section of Greece between the Siege of Troy and the Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>. <span class=SpellE3>Peneleos</span>, the leader of the Boeotians at the siege, having been slain by <span class=SpellE3>Eurypylus</span> the son of Telephus, <span class=SpellE3>Tisamenus</span>, son of Thersander and grandson of <span class=SpellE3>Polynikes</span>, acted as their commander, both during the remainder of the siege and after their return. <span class=SpellE3>Autesion</span>, his son and successor, became subject to the wrath of the avenging <span class=SpellE3>Erinnyes</span> of Laius and <span class=SpellE3>Edipus</span>: the oracle directed him to expatriate, and he joined the Dorians. In his place, <span class=SpellE3>Damasichthon</span>, son of <span class=SpellE3>Opheltas</span> and grandson of <span class=SpellE3>Peneleos</span>, became king of the Boeotians: he was succeeded by Ptolemnus, who was himself followed by Xanthus. A war having broken out at that time between the Athenians and Boeotians, Xanthus engaged in single combat with <span class=SpellE3>Melanthus</span> son of <span class=SpellE3>Andropompus</span>, the champion of Attica, and perished by the cunning of his opponent. After the death of Xanthus, the Boeotians passed from kingship to popular government. As <span class=SpellE3>Melanthus</span> was of the lineage of the <span class=SpellE3>Neleids</span>, and had migrated from <span class=SpellE3>Pylus</span> to Athens in consequence of the successful establishment of the Dorians in Messenia, the duel with Xanthus must have been of course subsequent to the Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>MIGRATION OF BOEOTIANS FROM THESSALY. <o:p></o:p> </span></strong></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Here, then, we have a summary of alleged Boeotian history between the Siege of Troy and the Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>, in which no mention is made of the immigration of the mass of Boeotians from Thessaly, and seemingly no possibility left of fitting in so great and capital an incident. The legends followed by Pausanias are at variance with those adopted by Thucydides, but they harmonize much better with Homer. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>So deservedly high is the authority of Thucydides, that the migration here distinctly announced by him is commonly set down as an ascertained datum, historically as well as chronologically. But on this occasion it can be shown that he only followed one amongst a variety of discrepant legends, none of which there were any means of verifying. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Pausanias recognized a migration of the Boeotians from Thessaly, in early times anterior to the Trojan war; and the account of Ephorus, as given by Strabo, professed to record a series of changes in the occupants of the country. First, the non-Hellenic <span class=SpellE3>Aones</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Temmikes</span>, <span class=SpellE3>Leleges</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Hyantes</span>; next, the <span class=SpellE3>Kadmeians</span>, who, after the second siege of Thebes by the Epigoni, were expelled by the Thracians and Pelasgians, and retired into Thessaly, where they joined in communion with the inhabitants of Arne— the whole aggregate being called Boeotians. After the Trojan war, and about the time of the Eolic emigration, these Boeotians returned from Thessaly and reconquered Boeotia, driving out the Thracians and Pelasgians—the former retiring to Parnassus, the latter to Attica. It was on this occasion (he says) that the <span class=SpellE3>Minyae</span> of Orchomenus were subdued, and forcibly incorporated with the Boeotians. Ephorus seems to have followed, in the main, the same narrative as Thucydides, about the movement of the Boeotians out of Thessaly; coupling it, however, with several details current as explanatory of proverbs and customs. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The only fact which we make out, independent of these legends, is, that there existed certain homonymies and certain affinities of religious worship, between parts of Boeotia and parts of Thessaly, which appear to indicate a kindred race. A town named Arne, similar in name to the Thessalian, was enumerated in the Boeotian Catalogue of Homer, and antiquaries identified it sometimes with the historical town <span class=SpellE3>Charroneia</span>, sometimes with <span class=SpellE3>Akraephium</span>. Moreover, there was near the Boeotian <span class=SpellE3>Koroneia</span> a river named <span class=SpellE3>Kuarius</span>, or <span class=SpellE3>Koralius</span>, and a venerable temple dedicated to the <span class=SpellE3>Itonian</span> Athene, in the sacred ground of which the <span class=SpellE3>Pambeotia</span>, or public council of the Boeotian name, was held; there was also a temple and a river of similar denomination in Thessaly, near to a town called <span class=SpellE3>Iton</span>, or <span class=SpellE3>Itonus</span>. We may from these circumstances presume a certain ancient kindred between the population of these regions, and such a circumstance is sufficient to explain the generation of legends describing migrations backward and forward, whether true or not in point of fact. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>What is most important to remark is, that the stories of Thucydides and Ephorus bring us out of the mythical into the historical Boeotia. Orchomenus is <span class=SpellE3>Boeotized</span>, and we hear no more of the once-powerful <span class=SpellE3>Minyae</span>: there are no more <span class=SpellE3>Kadmeians</span> at Thebes, nor <span class=SpellE3>Beotians</span> in Thessaly. The <span class=SpellE3>Minyaa</span> and the <span class=SpellE3>Kadmeians</span> disappear in the Ionic emigration, which will be presently adverted to. Historical <span class=SpellE3>Beotia</span> is now constituted, apparently in its federative league, under the presidency of Thebes, just as we find it in the time of the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span> <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p align=center class=MsoNormal3 style='text-align:center'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>SECTION III <o:p></o:p> </span></strong></p> <p align=center class=MsoNormal3 style='text-align:center'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>EMIGRATIONS FROM GREECE TO ASIA AND THE ISLANDS OF THE AEGEAN. <o:p></o:p> </span></strong></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>To complete the transition of Greece from its mythical to its historical condition, the secession of the races belonging to the former must follow upon the introduction of those belonging to the latter. This is accomplished by means of the Eolic and Ionic migrations. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The presiding chiefs of the Aeolic emigration are the representatives of the heroic lineage of the <span class=SpellE3>Pelopids</span>: those of the Ionic emigration belong to the <span class=SpellE3>Neleids</span>; and even in what is called the Doric emigration to Thera, the <span class=SpellE3>Ekist</span> <span class=SpellE3>Theras</span> is not a Dorian but a <span class=SpellE3>Kadmeian</span>, the legitimate descendant of <span class=SpellE3>Edipus</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Kadmus</span>. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The Aeolic, Ionic, and Doric colonies were planted along the western coast of Asia Minor, from the coasts of the <span class=SpellE3>Propontis</span> southward down to Lycia (I shall in a future chapter speak more exactly of their boundaries); the Eolic occupying the northern portion, together with the islands of Lesbos and Tenedos; the Doric occupying the southernmost, together with the neighboring islands of Rhodes and Kos; and the Ionic being planted between them, comprehending Chios, Samos, and the Cyclades islands. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1. AEOLIC EMIGRATION. <o:p></o:p> </span></strong></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The Aeolic emigration was conducted by the <span class=SpellE3>Pelopids</span>: the original story seems to have been, that Orestes himself was at the head of the first batch of colonists, and this version of the event is still preserved by Pindar and by Hellanikus. But the more current narratives represented the descendants of Orestes as chiefs of the expeditions to Aeolis—his illegitimate son <span class=SpellE3>Penthilus</span>, by <span class=SpellE3>Erigone</span> daughter of <span class=SpellE3>Egisthus</span>, together with <span class=SpellE3>Echelatus</span> and Gras, the son and grandson of <span class=SpellE3>Penthilus</span>, together with <span class=SpellE3>Kleues</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Malaus</span>, descendants of Agamemnon through another lineage. According to the account given by Strabo, Orestes began the emigration, but died on his route in Arcadia; his son <span class=SpellE3>Penthilus</span>, taking the guidance of the emigrants, conducted them by the long land-journey through Boeotia and Thessaly to Thrace; from whence Archelaus, son of <span class=SpellE3>Penthilus</span>, led them across the Hellespont, and settled at Daskylium on the <span class=SpellE3>Propontis</span>. Gras, son of Archelaus, crossed over to Lesbos and possessed himself of the island. <span class=SpellE3>Kleues</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Malaus</span>, conducting another body of Achaeans, were longer on their journey, and lingered a considerable time near Mount <span class=SpellE3>Phrikium</span>, in the territory of <span class=SpellE3>Lokris</span>; ultimately, however, they passed over by sea to Asia and took possession of <span class=SpellE3>Kyme</span>, south of the Gulf of Adramyttium, the most considerable of all the Aeolic cities on the continent. From Lesbos and <span class=SpellE3>Kyme</span>, the other less considerable Aeolic towns, spreading over the region of Ida as well as the <span class=SpellE3>Troad</span>, and comprehending the island of <span class=SpellE3>Tenedas</span>, are said to have derived their origin. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Though there are many differences in the details, the accounts agree in representing these Aeolic settlements as formed by the Achaeans expatriated from Laconia under the guidance of the dispossessed <span class=SpellE3>Pelopids</span>. We are told that in their journey through Boeotia they received considerable reinforcements, and Strabo adds that the emigrants started from Aulis, the port from whence Agamemnon departed in the expedition against Troy. He also informs us that they missed their course and experienced many losses from nautical ignorance, but we do not know to what particular incidents he alludes. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2. IONIC EMIGRATION. <o:p></o:p> </span></strong></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The Ionic emigration is described as emanating from and directed by the Athenians, and connects itself with the previous legendary history of Athens, which must therefore be here briefly recapitulated. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The great mythical hero Theseus, of whose military prowess and errant exploits we have spoken in a previous chapter, was still more memorable in the eyes of the Athenians as an internal political reformer. He was supposed to have performed for them the inestimable service of transforming Attica out of many states into one. Each deme, or at least a great many out of the whole number, had before his time enjoyed political independence under its own magistrates and assemblies, acknowledging only a federal union with the rest under the presidency of Athens: by a mixture of conciliation and force, Theseus succeeded in putting down all these separate governments, and bringing them to unite in one political system, centralized at Athens. He is said to have established a constitutional government, retaining for himself a defined power as king, or president, and distributing the people into three classes: Eupatridae, a sort of sacerdotal noblesse; <span class=SpellE3>Geomori</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Demiurgi</span>, husbandmen and artisans. Having brought these important changes into efficient working, he commemorated them for his posterity by introducing solemn and appropriate festivals. In confirmation of the dominion of Athens over the Megarid territory, he is said farther to have erected a pillar at the extremity of the latter towards the Isthmus, marking the boundary between Peloponnesus and Ionia. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>But a revolution so extensive was not consummated without creating much discontent; and <span class=SpellE3>Menestheus</span>, the rival of Theseus—the first specimen, as we are told, of an artful demagogue—took advantage of this feeling to assail and undermine him. Theseus had quitted Attica, to accompany and assist his friend <span class=SpellE3>Peirithous</span>, in his journey down to the underworld, in order to carry off' the goddess <span class=SpellE3>Persephon</span>,—or (as those who were critical in legendary story preferred recounting) in a journey to the residence of Aidoneus, king of the Molossians in Epirus, to carry off his daughter. In this enterprise, <span class=SpellE3>Peirithous</span> perished, while Theseus was cast into prison, from whence he was only liberated by the intercession of Heracles. It was during his temporary absence, that the Tyndarids Castor and Pollux invaded Attica for the purpose of recovering their sister Helen, whom Theseus had at a former period taken away from Sparta and deposited at <span class=SpellE3>Aphidnae</span>; and the partisans of <span class=SpellE3>Menestheus</span> took advantage both of the absence of Theseus and of the calamity which his licentiousness had brought upon the country, to ruin his popularity with the people. When he returned, be found them no longer disposed to endure his dominion, or to continue to him the honors which their previous feelings of gratitude had conferred. Having, therefore, placed his sons under the protection of <span class=SpellE3>Elephenor</span>, in Euboea, he sought an asylum with <span class=SpellE3>Lykomedes</span>, prince of Scyros, from whom, however, he received nothing but an insidious welcome and a traitorous death. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span class=SpellE3><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Menestheus</span></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, succeeding to the honors of the expatriated hero, commanded the Athenian troops at the Siege of Troy. But though he survived the capture, he never returned to Athens—different stories being related of the place where he and his companions settled. During this interval, the feelings of the Athenians having changed, they restored the sons of Theseus, who had served at Troy under <span class=SpellE3>Elephenor</span>, and had returned unhurt, to the station and functions of their father. The <span class=SpellE3>Theseids</span> <span class=SpellE3>Demophoon</span>, <span class=SpellE3>Oxyntas</span>, <span class=SpellE3>Apheidas</span>, and <span class=SpellE3>Thymoetes</span> had successively filled this post for the space of about sixty years when the Dorian invaders of Peloponnesus (as has been before related) compelled <span class=SpellE3>Melanthus</span> and the <span class=SpellE3>Neleid</span> family to abandon their kingdom of <span class=SpellE3>Pylus</span>. The refugees found shelter at Athens, where a fortunate adventure soon raised <span class=SpellE3>Melanthus</span> to the throne. A war breaking out between the Athenians and Boeotians, respecting the boundary tract of Enoe, the Boeotian king Xanthus challenged <span class=SpellE3>Thymoetes</span> to single combat: the latter declining to accept it, <span class=SpellE3>Melanthus</span> not only stood forward in his place, but practiced a cunning stratagem with such success as to kill his adversary. He was forthwith chosen king, <span class=SpellE3>Thymoetes</span> being constrained to resign . <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span class=SpellE3><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Melanthus</span></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> and his son <span class=SpellE3>Kodrus</span> reigned for nearly sixty years, during which time large bodies of fugitives, escaping from the recent invaders throughout Greece, were harbored by the Athenians: so that Attica became populous enough to excite the alarm and jealousy of the Peloponnesian Dorians. A powerful Dorian force, under the command of <span class=SpellE3>Aletes</span> from Corinth and Althaemenes from Argos, were accordingly dispatched to invade the Athenian territory, in which the Delphian oracle promised them success, provided they abstained from injuring the person of <span class=SpellE3>Kodrus</span>. Strict orders were given to the Dorian army that <span class=SpellE3>Kodrus</span> should be preserved unhurt; but the oracle had become known among the Athenians, and the generous prince determined to bring death upon himself as a means of salvation to his country. Assuming the disguise of a peasant, he intentionally provoked a quarrel with some of the Dorian troops, who slew him without suspecting his real character. No sooner was this event known, than the Dorian leaders, despairing of success, abandoned their enterprise and evacuated the country. In retiring, however, they retained possession of Megara, where they established permanent settlers, and which became from this moment Dorian—seemingly at first a dependency of Corinth, though it afterwards acquired its freedom and became an autonomous community. This memorable act of devoted patriotism, analogous to that of the daughters of Erechtheus at Athens, and of <span class=SpellE3>Menoekeus</span> at Thebes, entitled <span class=SpellE3>Kodrus</span> to be ranked among the most splendid characters in Grecian legend. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span class=SpellE3><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Kodrus</span></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> is numbered as the last king of Athens: his descendants were styled Archons, but they held that dignity for life—a practice which prevailed during a long course of years afterwards. Medon and <span class=SpellE3>Neileus</span>, his two sons, having quarreled about the succession, the Delphian oracle decided in favor of the former; upon which the latter, affronted at the preference, resolved upon seeking a new home. There were at this moment many dispossessed sections of Greeks, and an adventitious population accumulated in Attica, who were anxious for settlements beyond sea. The expeditions which now set forth to cross the Aegean, chiefly under the conduct of members of the <span class=SpellE3>Kodrid</span> family, composed collectively the memorable Ionic Emigration, of which the Ionians, recently expelled from Peloponnesus, formed a part, but, as it would seem, only a small part; for we hear of many quite distinct races, some renowned in legend, who withdraw from Greece amidst this assemblage of colonists. The <span class=SpellE3>Kadmeians</span>, the <span class=SpellE3>Minyae</span> of Orchomenus, the <span class=SpellE3>Abantes</span> of Euboea, the <span class=SpellE3>Dryopes</span>; the Molossi, the <span class=SpellE3>Phokians</span>, the Boeotians, the Arcadian Pelasgians, and even the Dorians of Epidaurus — are represented as furnishing each a proportion of the crews of these emigrant vessel. Nor were the results unworthy of so mighty a confluence of different races. Not only the Cyclades islands in the Aegean, but the great islands of Samos and Chios, near the Asiatic coast, and ten different cities on the coast of Asia Minor, from Miletus in the south to Phocaea in the north, were founded, and all adopted the Ionic name. Athens was the metropolis or mother city of all of them: <span class=SpellE3>Androklus</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Neileus</span>, the <span class=SpellE3>Ekists</span> of Ephesus and Miletus, and probably other <span class=SpellE3>Ekists</span> also, started from the <span class=SpellE3>Prytaneium</span> at Athens, with those solemnities, religions and political, which usually marked the departure of a swarm of Grecian colonists. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Other mythical families, besides the heroic lineage of Neleus and Nestor, as represented by the sons of <span class=SpellE3>Kodrus</span>, took a leading part in the expedition. Herodotus mentions <span class=SpellE3>Lykian</span> chiefs, descendants from <span class=SpellE3>Glaukus</span> son of Hippolochus, and Pausanias tells us of Philotas descendant of <span class=SpellE3>Peneleos</span>, who went at the head of a body of Thebans: both <span class=SpellE3>Glaukus</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Peneleos</span> are commemorated in the Iliad. And it is a remarkable fact mentioned by Pausanias (though we do not know on what authority), that the inhabitants of Phocaea,— which was the northernmost city of Ionia on the borders of Eolis, and one of the last founded — consisting mostly of <span class=SpellE3>Phokian</span> colonists under the conduct of the Athenians <span class=SpellE3>Philogenes</span> and Daemen, were not admitted into the Pan-Ionic <span class=SpellE3>Amphiktyony</span> until they consented to choose for themselves chiefs of the <span class=SpellE3>Kodrid</span> family. <span class=SpellE3>Prokles</span>, the chief who conducted the Ionic emigrants from Epidaurus to Samos, was said to be of the lineage of Ion, son of Xuthus. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Of the twelve Ionic states constituting the Pan-Ionic <span class=SpellE3>Amphiktyony</span>—some of them among the greatest cities in Hellas —I shall say no more at present, as I have to treat of them again when I come upon historical ground. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>3. DORIC EMIGRATIONS <o:p></o:p> </span></strong></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The Aeolic and Ionic emigrations are thus both presented to us as direct consequences of the event called the Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>: and in like manner the formation of the Dorian <span class=SpellE3>Hexapolis</span> in the south-western corner of Asia Minor: Kos, Cnidus, Halicarnassus, and Rhodes, with its three separate cities, as well as the Dorian establishments in <span class=SpellE3>Krete</span>, Melos, and Thera, are all traced more or less directly to the same great revolution. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Thera, more especially, has its root in the legendary world. Its <span class=SpellE3>Ekist</span> was <span class=SpellE3>Theras</span>, a descendant of the heroic lineage of <span class=SpellE3>Edipus</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Kadmus</span>, and maternal uncle of the young kings of Sparta, Eurysthenes and <span class=SpellE3>Prokles</span>, during whose minority he had exercised the regency. On their coming of age, his functions were at an end: but being unable to endure a private station, he determined to put himself at the head of a body of emigrants: many came forward to join him, and the expedition was farther reinforced by a body of interlopers, belonging to the <span class=SpellE3>Minyae</span>, of whom the Lacedaemonians were anxious to get rid. These <span class=SpellE3>Minyae</span> had arrived in Laconia, not long before, from the island of Lemnos, out of which they had been expelled by the Pelasgian fugitives from Attica. They landed without asking permission, took up their abode and began to “light their fires” on Mount <span class=SpellE3>Taygetus</span>. When the Lacedaemonians sent to ask who they were, and wherefore they had come, the <span class=SpellE3>Minyae</span> replied that they were sons of the Argonauts who had landed at Lemnos, and that being expelled from their own homes, they thought themselves entitled to solicit an asylum in the territory of their fathers: they asked, withal, to be admitted to share both the lands and the honors of the state. The Lacedaemonians granted the request, chiefly on the ground of a common ancestry— their own great heroes, the Tyndarids, having been enrolled in the crew of the Argo: the <span class=SpellE3>Minyae</span> were then introduced as citizens into the tribes, received lots of land, and began to intermarry with the preexisting families. It was not long, however, before they became insolent: they demanded a share in the kingdom (which was the venerated privilege of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>), and so grossly misconducted themselves in other ways, that the Lacedaemonians resolved to put them to death, and began by casting them into prison. While the <span class=SpellE3>Minyae</span> were thus confined, their wives, Spartans by birth, and many of them daughters of the principal men, solicited permission to go in and see them: leave being granted, they made use of the interview to change clothes with their husbands, who thus escaped and fled again to Mount <span class=SpellE3>Taygetus</span>. The greater number of them quitted Laconia, and marched to <span class=SpellE3>Triphylia</span>, in the western regions of Peloponnesus, from whence they expelled the <span class=SpellE3>Paroreatae</span> and the <span class=SpellE3>Kaukones</span>, and founded six towns of their own, of which <span class=SpellE3>Lepreum</span> was the chief. A certain proportion, however, by permission of the Lacedaemonians, joined <span class=SpellE3>Theras</span>, and departed with him to the island of <span class=SpellE3>Kalliste</span>, then possessed by Phoenician inhabitants, who were descended from the kinsmen and companions of <span class=SpellE3>Kadmus</span>, and who had been left there by that prince, when he came forth in search of Europa, eight generations preceding. Arriving thus among men of kindred lineage with himself, <span class=SpellE3>Theras</span> met with a fraternal reception, and the island derived from him the name, under which it is historically known, of Thera. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Such is the foundation-legend of Thera, believed both by the Lacedaemonians and by the <span class=SpellE3>Theraeans</span>, and interesting as it brings before us, characteristically as well as vividly, the persons and feelings of the mythical world — the Argonauts, with the Tyndarids as their companions and <span class=SpellE3>Minyae</span> as their children. In <span class=SpellE3>Lepreum</span>, as in the other towns of <span class=SpellE3>Triphylia</span>, the descent from the <span class=SpellE3>Minyae</span> of old seems to have been believed in the historical times, and the mention of the river <span class=SpellE3>Minyeius</span> in those regions by Homer tended to confirm it. But people were not unanimous as to the legend by which that descent should be made out; while some adopted the story just cited from Herodotus, others imagined that Cloris, who had come from the <span class=SpellE3>Minyeian</span> town of Orchomenus as the wife of Neleus to <span class=SpellE3>Pylus</span>, had brought with her a body of her countrymen. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>These <span class=SpellE3>Minyae</span> from Lemnos and Imbros appear again as portions of another narrative respecting the settlement of the colony of Melos. It has already been mentioned, that when the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span> and the Dorians invaded Laconia, <span class=SpellE3>Philonomus</span>, an Achaean, treacherously betrayed to them the country, for which he received as his recompense the territory of <span class=SpellE3>Amyklae</span>. He is said to have peopled this territory by introducing detachments of <span class=SpellE3>Minyae</span>; from Lemnos and Imbros, who, in the third generation after the return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>, became so discontented and mutinous, that the Lacedaemonians resolved to send them out of the country as emigrants, under their chiefs Polis and Delphos. Taking the direction of Crete, they stopped in their way to land a portion of their colonists on the island of Melos, which remained throughout the historical times a faithful and attached colony of Lacedaemon. On arriving in Crete, they are said to have settled at the town of Gortyn. We find, moreover, that other Dorian establishments, either from Lacedaemon or Argos, were formed in Crete; and <span class=SpellE3>Lyktos</span> in particular, is noticed, not only as a colony of Sparta, but as distinguished for the analogy of its laws and customs. It is even said that Crete, immediately after the Trojan war, had been visited by the wrath of the gods, and depopulated by famine and pestilence; and that, in the third generation afterwards, so great was the influx of emigrants, the entire population of the island was renewed, with the exception of the <span class=SpellE3>Eteokretes</span> at <span class=SpellE3>Polichnae</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Praesus</span>. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>There were Dorians in Crete in the time of the Odyssey: Homer mentions different languages and different races of men, <span class=SpellE3>Eteokretes</span>, <span class=SpellE3>Kydones</span>, Dorians, Achaeans, and Pelasgians, as all coexisting in the island, which he describes to be populous and to contain ninety cities. A legend given by Andron, based seemingly upon the statement of Herodotus, that Dorus the son of Hellen had settled in <span class=SpellE3>Histiaeotis</span>, ascribed the first introduction of the three last races to <span class=SpellE3>Tektaphus</span> son of Dorus—who had led forth from that country a colony of Dorians, Achaeans, and Pelasgians, and had landed in Crete during the reign of the indigenous king Kres. This story of Andron so exactly fits on to the Homeric Catalogue of Cretan inhabitants, that we may reasonably presume it to have been designedly arranged with reference to that Catalogue, so as to afford some plausible account, consistently with the received legendary chronology, how there came to be Dorians in Crete before the Trojan war— the Dorian colonies after the return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span> being of course long posterior in supposed order of time. To find a leader sufficiently early for his hypothesis, Andron ascends to the primitive <span class=SpellE3>Eponymus</span> Dorus, to whose son <span class=SpellE3>Tektaphus</span> he ascribes the introduction of a mixed colony of Dorians, Achaeans, and Pelasgians into Crete: these are the exact three races enumerated in the Odyssey, and the king Kres, whom Andron affirms to have been then reigning in the island, represents the <span class=SpellE3>Eteokretes</span> and <span class=SpellE3>Kydenes</span> in the list of Homer. The story seems to have found favor among native Cretan historians, as it doubtless serves to obviate what would otherwise be a contradiction in the legendary chronology. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Another Dorian emigration from Peloponnesus to Crete, which extended also to Rhodes and Kos, is farther said to have been conducted by Althaemenes, who had been one of the chiefs in the expedition against Attica, in which <span class=SpellE3>Krodus</span> perished. This prince, a <span class=SpellE3>Herakleid</span>, and third in descent from Temenus, was induced to expatriate by a family quarrel, and conducted a body of Dorian colonists from Argos first to Crete, where some of them remained; but the greater number accompanied him to Rhodes, in which island, after expelling the Karian possessors, he founded the three cities of Lindus, <span class=SpellE3>Ialysus</span>, and <span class=SpellE3>Kamairus</span>. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>It is proper here to add, that the legend of the Rhodian archaeologists respecting their <span class=SpellE3>oekist</span> Althaemenes, who was worshipped in the island with heroic honors, was something totally different from the preceding. Althaemenes was a Cretan, son of the king Katreus, and grandson of Minos. An oracle predicted to him that he would one day kill his father: eager to escape so terrible a destiny, he quitted Crete, and conducted a colony to Rhodes, where the famous temple of the <span class=SpellE3>Atabyrian</span> Zeus, on the lofty summit of Mount <span class=SpellE3>Atabyrum</span>, was ascribed to his foundation, built so as to command a view of Crete. He had been settled on the island for some time, when his father Katreus, anxious again to embrace his only son, followed him from Crete: he landed in Rhodes during the night without being known, and a casual collision took place between his attendants and the islanders. <span class=SpellE3>Althaeenes</span> hastened to the shore to assist in repelling the supposed enemies, and in the fray had the misfortune to kill his aged father. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Either the emigrants who accompanied <span class=SpellE3>Althaeanes</span>, or some other Dorian colonists afterwards, are reported to have settled at Cnidus, Karpathos, and Halicarnassus. To the last mentioned city, however, Anthes of <span class=SpellE3>Troezen</span> is assigned as the <span class=SpellE3>oekist</span>: the emigrants who accompanied him were said to have belonged to the <span class=SpellE3>Dymanian</span> tribe, one of the three tribes always found in a Doric state: and the city seems to have been characterized as a colony sometimes of <span class=SpellE3>Troezen</span>, sometimes of Argos! <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>We thus have the Aeolic, the Ionic, and the Doric colonial establishments in Asia, all springing out of the legendary age, and all set forth as consequences, direct or indirect, of what is called the Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>, or the Dorian conquest of Peloponnesus. According to the received chronology, they are succeeded by a period, supposed to comprise nearly three centuries, which is almost an entire blank, before we reach authentic chronology and the first recorded Olympiad,—and they thus form the concluding events of the mythical world, out of which we now pass into historical Greece, such as it stands at the last-mentioned epoch. It is by these migrations that the parts of the Hellenic aggregate are distributed into the places which they occupy at the dawn of historical daylight,—Dorians, Arcadians, <span class=SpellE3>Aetolo</span>-Eleians, and Achaeans, sharing Peloponnesus unequally . among them — Aeolians, Ionians, and Dorians, settled both in the islands of the Aegean and the coast of Asia Minor. The Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span>, as well as the three emigrations, Aeolic, Ionic, and Doric, present the legendary explanation, suitable to the feelings and belief of the people, showing how Greece passed from the heroic races who besieged Troy and Thebes, piloted the adventurous Argo, and slew the monstrous boar of <span class=SpellE3>Kalydon</span> - to the historical races, differently named and classified, who furnished victors to the Olympic and Pythian games. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>A patient and learned French writer, M. Raoul Rochette —who construes all the events of the heroic age, generally speaking, as so much real history, only making allowance for the mistakes and exaggerations of poets — is greatly perplexed by the blank and interruption which this supposed continuous series of history presents, from the Return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span> down to the beginning of the Olympiads. He cannot explain to himself so long a period of absolute quiescence, after the important incidents and striking adventures of the heroic age; and if there happened nothing worthy of record during this long period—as he presumes, from the fact that nothing has been transmitted—he concludes that this must have arisen from the state of suffering and exhaustion in which previous wars and revolution had left the Greeks: a long interval of complete inaction being required to heal such wounds. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Assuming M. Rochette’s view of the heroic ages to be correct, and reasoning upon the supposition that the adventures ascribed to the Grecian heroes are matters of historical reality, transmitted by tradition from a period of time four centuries before the recorded Olympiads, and only embellished by describing poets — the blank which he here dwells upon is, to say the least of it, embarrassing and unaccountable. It is strange that the stream of tradition, if it had once begun to flow, should (like several of the rivers in Greece) be submerged for two or three centuries and then reappear. But when we make what appears to me the proper distinction between legend and history, it will be seen that a period of blank time between the two is perfectly conformable to the conditions under which the former is generated. It is not the immediate past, but a supposed remote past, which forms the suitable atmosphere of mythical narrative—a past originally quite undetermined in respect to distance from the present, as we see in the Iliad and Odyssey. And even when we come down to the genealogical poets, who affect to give a certain measure of bygone time, and a succession of persons as well as of events, still, the names whom they most delight to honor and upon whose exploits they chiefly expatiate, are those of the ancestral gods and heroes of the tribe and their supposed contemporaries; ancestors separated by a long lineage from the present hearer. The gods and heroes were conceived as removed from him by several generations, and the legendary matter which was grouped around them appeared only the more imposing when exhibited at a respectful distance, beyond the days of father and grandfather, and of all known predecessors. The Odes of Pindar strikingly illustrate this tendency. We thus see how it happened that, between the times assigned to heroic adventure and those of historical record, there existed an intermediate blank, filled with inglorious names; and how, amongst the same society which cared not to remember proceedings of fathers and grandfathers, there circulated much popular and accredited narrative respecting real or supposed ancestors long past and gone. The obscure and barren centuries which immediately precede the first recorded Olympiad, form the natural separation between the legendary return of the <span class=SpellE3>Herakleids</span> and the historical wars of Sparta against Messene— between the province of legend, wherein matter of fact (if any there be) is so intimately combined with its accompaniments of fiction, as to be undistinguishable without the aid of extrinsic evidence,—and that of history where some matters of fact can be ascertained, and where a sagacious criticism may be usefully employed in trying to add to their number. <o:p></o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p align=center class=MsoNormal3 Estilo1 style='text-align:center'> </p> <p align=center class=MsoNormal3 Estilo1 style='text-align:center'> </p> <h2 align=center class=MsoNormal3 Estilo1 style='text-align:center' Estilo1><span lang=EN-US style='line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><a href="../HISTORY-OF-GREECE-CHAPTER-19-APPLICATION-OF CHRONOLOGY-TO-GRECIAN-LEGEND.html">CHAPTER XIX <o:p></o:p> </a></span></h2> <h2 align=center class=MsoNormal3 Estilo1 style='text-align:center' Estilo1><a href="../HISTORY-OF-GREECE-CHAPTER-19-APPLICATION-OF CHRONOLOGY-TO-GRECIAN-LEGEND.html"><strong><span lang=EN-US style='line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>APPLICATION OF CHRONOLOGY TO GRECIAN LEGEND. <o:p></o:p> </span></strong></a></h2> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Constantia",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:4.0cm;margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:68.05pt;line-height: normal'> </p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p> </p> <h1 align="center" style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:56.6pt;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:42.55pt;text-align:center;text-indent:1.0cm"> </h1> </body></html>