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HISTORY OF ANCIENT GREECE |
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A HISTORY OF GREECE
TO
THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT
J B. BURY
CHAPTER I : THE BEGINNINGS
OF GREECE AND THE HEROIC AGE
1. Early Aegean Civilisation (3rd millennium B.C.)
CHAPTER II : THE EXPANSION OF GREECE1. Causes and Character of
Greek Colonisation .
CHAPTER III : GROWTH OF
SPARTA
1. Sparta and her
Constitution
CHAPTER IV : THE UNION OF
ATTICA AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY
1. The Union of Attica
CHAPTER V : GROWTH
OF ATHENS
1. The Conquest of
Salamis and Nisaea
CHAPTER VI : THE ADVANCE OF
PERSIA TO THE AEGEAN
1. The Rise of Persia
and the Fall of the Lydian
Kingdom 2. The Persian
Conquest of Asiatic Greece
CHAPTER VII : THE PERILS OF
GREECE. THE PERSIAN AND PUNIC INVASIONS
1. The
Preparations and March of Xerxes
CHAPTER VIII : THE
FOUNDATION OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE
1. The Position of
Sparta and Career of
Pausanias 2. The Confederacy of
Delos
CHAPTER IX : THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF PERICLE1. Completion of the
Athenian Democracy
CHAPTER X : THE WAR OF ATHENS WITH THE PELOPONNESIANS (431-421 B.C.)1. The Prelude of the
War
CHAPTER XI : THE
DECLINE AND DOWNFALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE
1. New Political
Combinations with Argos
CHAPTER XII : THE SPARTAN
SUPREMACY AND THE PERSIAN WAR
1. The Spartan Supremacy
CHAPTER XIII : THE REVIVAL
OF ATHENS AND HER SECOND LEAGUE
1. High-handed Policy
of Sparta
CHAPTER XIV : THE
HEGEMONY OF THEBES
1. Jason of Pherae ; and the
Battle of Leuctra
CHAPTER XV : THE SYRACUSAN
EMPIRE AND THE STRUGGLE WITH CARTHAGE
1. Carthaginian Destruction
of Selinus and
Himera 2. Carthaginian
Conquest of Acragas
CHAPTER XVI : RISE
OF MACEDONIA
1. Athens regains the
Chersonese and
Euboea
CHAPTER XVII : THE
CONQUEST OF PERSIA
1. Alexander's First Descent on
Greece
CHAPTER
XVIII : THE CONQUEST OF THE FAR EAST
1. Hyrcania, Areia,
Bactria.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
B.C. 3000 (or 3500) Early period of Aegean
civilisation: stone and copper age.
2778—2565 (?) 12th dynasty in Egypt.
2500—2000 Conjectural limits of Second City of Troy.
2000—1000 Later period of Aegean civilisation: bronze
age (“Mycenaean” in wider sense).
2000—1700 “Proto-Mycenaean” civilisation of Thera.
2000—1500 Conjectural limits of Third, Fourth, and
Fifth Cities of Troy.
1700—100“ Mycenaean ” period, in stricter sense.
1600—1100 Limits of Sixth (Homeric) City of Troy.
c. 1503—1449 Reign of king Thothmes III of Egypt.
c. 1400 Reign of Amenhotep III.
1320 Ramses I
13th cent. Reign of Ramses II (Sesostris).
c. 1200 Reign of Mernptah.
Victory of Mernptah over
Libyans and their northern allies (in his fifth year).
12th cent. Ramses III
1500—1100 Bloom of Mycenae. Naval power of Crete.
c. 1400 Mycenaean colonisation of Ialysus in Rhodes.
1300—1000 Achaean colonisation. Fall of Troy.
Beginnings of Ionian colonisation. Thessalian conquest. Boeotian conquest.
Dorian conquest of Crete and islands. Dorian conquest of Eastern Peloponnesus.
Colonisation of Cyprus. Beginnings of Epic poetry’. The Achaean (Aeolic)
“Homer” composes an Achilleid.
1000—900 Continuation of Ionian colonisation. Dorian
colonisation of Asia Minor. Invention of the Greek Alphabet.
1000—700 Carians possess a sea-power. Aegean trade
partly in hands of Phoenicians.
1000—900 Beginning of the supremacy of Tyre in
Phoenicia.
900—80 “Homer” of Chios composes the Iliad. Beginnings
of the city-state. Dorian conquest of Aegina.
8oo—70 Rise of aristocracies throughout Greece.
Beginnings of greek colonisation
776 Traditional date of First Olympiad.
735 foundation of Naxos (Sicily).
734 Corcyra.
734 Syracuse.
728 Catane and
Leontini.
728 Megara (Hyblaean).
721 Sybaris.
715 Zancle.
707 Taras.
703 Croton
688 Gela.
648 Himera.
709 King Sargon of Assyria sets up stele in Cyprus.
c. 700 Hesiod.
Midas king of Phrygia. Deioces founds Median monarchy. Athenian conquest of Elcusis.
700—655 Conjectural limits of reign of Gyges king of
Lydia
683—2 List of annual archons at Athens begins
681—68 Reign of Assarhaddon king of Assyria
679 Assarhaddon defeats the
Cimmerians under their leader Teuspa
c. 672 Assyrian conquest of Egypt
668—26 Reign of Assurbanipal king of Assyria
668 Traditional date of battle of Hysiae,
in which Argos defeats Sparta
664 Traditional date of ancient sea-battle of Corinth
with Corcyra.
664 Fortress of Defenneh (Daphnae) in Egypt built by Psammetichus I
660—20 Conjectural limits of date of Pheidon king of
Argos.
650—600 Age of law-givers in Greece
Rise of tyrannies in Ionia. Foundation of tyrannies in
Sicyon, Corinth, and Megara.
Ardys and Sadyattes reign in
Lydia. Ardys drives out the Cimmerians.
The league of Calauria.
c. 650—25 Reign of Phraortes king of Media.
648 April 6 : Eclipse of the sun mentioned by
Archilochus.
645 Egypt throws off yoke of Assyria.
632 Cylon attempts to seize
tyranny at Athens.
635 Foundation of Naucratis.
630 Foundation of Cyrene.
630—600 Approximate limits of Spartan conquest of
Messenia.
625 Nabopolassar founds new Babylonian kingdom.
c. 621 Legislation of Dracon at Athens.
c. 610 Thrasybulus tyrant of Miletus.
606 Nabopolassar of Babylonia and Cyaxares of Media
conquer and divide Assyria.
605 Nebucadnezar succeeds
Nabopolassar.
c. 600 War of Athens and Mytilene on the coast of the
Hellespont.
Sappho, Alcaeus, Pittacus, flourish at Mytilene. Periander tyrant of Corinth 594—89 Nubian expedition of Psammetichus II. Inscription of Greek mercenaries at Abu Simbel.
594—3 Archonship of Solon. Seisachtheia.
(?)
593—591 Continuation of Solon’s legislation
590—589. Sacred War against Crisa.
Cleisthenes of Sicyon flourishes.
585 May 28 : Eclipse of sun. Drawn battle of Cyaxares
king of Media with Alyattes king of Lydia
Thales flourishes.
583—1 Archonship of Damasias at Athens.
582 First Pythiad.
572 Elaeans win control of
the Olympian games
c. 570 Athenian conquest of Salamis.
569 Accession of Amasis to throne of Egypt.
C. 568 The Telegony of Eugammon of Cyrene.
562 Death of Nebucadnezar.
560 Croesus succeeds to throne of Lydia.
c. 560- 50 War of Sparta with Tegea.
561—60 Archonship of Corneas. Pisistratus seizes
tyranny.
c. 559—6 Miltiades becomes tyrant in Thracian
Chersonese.
556—5 First exile of Pisistratus.
550—49 ? Restoration of Pisistratus ; and his second
exile.
550 Spartan conquest of Thyreatis.
548—7 Temple of Apollo at Delphi burnt down.
546 Cyrus king of Persia conquers Lydia, and captures
Sardis.
546—5 Persian conquest of Asiatic Greeks.
540—39 Second restoration of Pisistratus.
538 Cyrus takes Babylon.
528—7 Death of Pisistratus.
526 Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, abandons alliance
with Amasis and joins Persia.
525 Death of Amasis king of Egypt.
Persian conquest of Egypt : battle of Pelusion.
525 Spartans attack Samos.
523 Death of Polycrates.
522 Death of Cambyses king of Persia.
521 Accession of Darius.
520 First capture of Babylon by Darius.
519 Second capture of Babylon by Darius.
514 Conspiracy of Harmodius and Aristogiton.
512 First European expedition of Darius : conquest of
Thrace.
510 Fall of the Pisistratid tyranny. Spartans in Attica. Athens joins Peloponnesian league.
War of Sybaris and Croton.
508—7Archonship of Isagoras. Spartans under Cleomenes
invade Attica ; besieged in the Acropolis. Beginning of reforms of Cleisthenes.
506 Peloponnesian army invades Attica.
Athenians defeat (1) Boeotians, (2) Chalcidians :
acquire Chalcidian plain.
506 Athens acquires Oropus (land of the Graeans).
503—2 First civil year on the Cleisthenic system.
501 Institution of the Ten strategoi of the tribes at Athens.
499 Outbreak of Ionic revolt.
498 Athens at war with Aegina.
497 Ionians and allies at Sardis : burning of Sardis.
496 (?) Revolt of Thrace; Scythians drive
Miltiades from Chersonese.
494 Battle of Lade; Persians capture Miletus.
c. 494 Battle of Sepeia (Spartans under Cleomenes defeat Argives).
493—2 Archonship of Themistocles.
c. 492 Athens coerces Aegina. Battle of the Helorus.
492 Mardonius subdues Thrace and Macedonia.
c. 491 Gelon becomes tyrant of Gela.
490 Expedition of the Persians under Datis of Greece.
Destruction of Eretria. Battle of Marathon.
489 Expedition of Miltiades to Paros.
c. 489 Death of Cleomenes.
488 Victory of Gelon in chariot-race at Olympia.
487 Ostracism of Hipparchus the Pisistratid.
War of Athens with Aegina.
487—6 Archons begin to be appointed by lot. Strategoi supersede the Polemarch.
486 Ostracism of Megacles. Pindar’s 7th Pythian.
486—5 Egypt revolts against Persia.
485 Death of Darius. Accession of Xerxes.
484 Ostracism of Xanthippus son of Arriphron.
484—3 Persia recovers control of Egypt.
483 Persians hew canal through Mount Athos.
483—2 Discovery of a new vein of silver in mine-fields
of Laurion.
482 Ostracism of Aristides.
Increase of Athenian fleet. Pythian victory of Hieron
in horse-race.
481 Xerxes comes down to Sardis.
480 Spring : Athens recalls ostracized citizens.
August : Xerxes enters Greece. Battles of Artemisium
and Thermopylae.
September : Battle of Salamis.
October 2 : Eclipse of the sun.
Olynthus given to the Chalcidians.
Carthaginians invade Sicily. Battle of Himera.
479 Mardonius in Attica. August : Battle of Plataea;
and battle of Mycale. Ionians revolt from Persia.
478 Athenians capture Sestos. Foundation of
Confederacy of Delos.
Death of Gelon : his brother Hieron succeeds to his
power. Pythian victory of Hieron in horse-race, yd Pythian Ode of Pindar.
478—6 Fortification of Athens.
477—6 Pausanias at Byzantium; driven out by Cimon
476 Lacedaemonian expedition to Thessaly (?). Victory
of Hieron in horse-race at Olympia (1st Olymp. Ode of
Pindar ; 5th Ode of Bacchylides).
476—5 Cimon captures Eion. 474 Battle of Cyme.
473—2Cimon conquers Scyrus.
Battle of Tegea.
472 Olympian victories of Hieron in horse-race and
Theron in chariot-race. 2nd and yd Olympians of Pindar. The Persae of Aeschylus.
472—1 Athenians reduce Carystus. Ostracism of
Themistocles. Death of Theron of Acragas. Synoecisms of Elis and Mantinea.
471 Flight of Themistocles. Battle of Dipaea.
471—470 War of Hieron with Thrasydaeus of Acragas.
470 Pythian victory of Hieron in
chariot-race. Pindar’s 1st
468 Olympian victory of Hieron in chariot-race. 3rd
Ode of Bacchylides. Olympian victory of a boy of
Tiryns in boxing.
Battle of the Eurymedon.
468—467 Argos reduces Tiryns (?).
467 Death of Hieron.
465 Revolt of Thasos.
465—464 Attempt to colonise the Nine Ways.
464 Earthquake at Sparta. Revolt of helots. Siege of
Ithome. Accession of Artaxerxes to throne of Persia.
463 Surrender of Thasos.
463—462 Cimon in Messenia.
463—461 Ephialtes influential at Athens. The Areopagus
deprived of its powers.
462-460 Argos reduces Mycenae. Pay introduced at
Athens for the judges of the heliaea. Influence of
Pericles begins.
461 Ostracism of Cimon.
461—460 Alliance of Athens and Argos.
460—459 Athens wins Megara. Long Walls of Megara
built. Athenian expedition to Egypt.
459 Capture of Ithome. Messenians settled at
Naupactus. Capture of Memphis.
459—458 Battle of Halieis. Battle of Cecryphalea.
458 Oresteia of Aeschylus. Zeugitae admitted to
archonship. Battle of Aegina. Battle in the Megarid.
Building of Long Walls of Athens.
457 Lacedaemonian expedition to Phocis and Boeotia. Battle of Tanagra Athenian conquest of Boeotia (battle of Oenophyta; autumn). 457—456 Athenian conquest of Aegina.
456 Megabyzus arrives in Egypt with army and fleet.
456—455 Expedition of Tolmides to Corinthian Gtdf. 454 Catastrophe of Egyptian
expedition.
454—453 Treasury of confederacy of Delos transferred
from Delos to Athens.
453 Expedition of Pericles to Corinthian Gulf.
453—445 Inclusion of Achaea in Athenian empire.
452—451 Thirty years’ Peace between Argos and
Lacedaemon. Five years’ Truce between Athenians and Peloponnesians.
451—450 Law of citizenship at Athens.
459—449 Cimon in Cyprus. Death of Cimon.
448 Peace with Persia. Sacred War. Athens invites the
Greeks to restore the temples.
447 Athens loses Boeotia (battle of Coronea). Cleruchies sent to the Chersonese, Euboea, etc.
447—446 Revolt and reduction of Euboea. Athens loses
Megara.
446—445 Thirty years’ Peace between Athens and
Peloponnesians. Foundation of New Sybaris.
443 Foundation of Thurii.
4443—442 Division of Athenian confederacy into five
districts.
442 Ostracism of Thucydides, son of Melesias.
440 Revolt of Samos, and Byzantium.
439 Reduction of Samos.
438 Chryselephantine Athena set up in the Parthenon.
436 Foundation of Amphipolis.
436—435 Sedition at Epidamnus.
435 Sea-victory of Corcyra over Corinth (spring).
433 Defensive alliance of Athens with Corcyra. Battle
of Sybota (autumn). Treaties of Athens with Rhegion and Leontini.
433—432 Revolt of Potidaea (winter).
432 The “Megarian decree” passed at Athens (autumn).
Battle of Potidaea (c. Sept.).
432—431 Assemblies at Sparta decide on war.
431 First year of the Peloponnesian War.—Theban attack
on Plataea (March). First Peloponnesian invasion of Attica (May). Athens wins Sollion and Cephallenia; takes Thronion and Atalanta ; expels Aeginetans from Aegina.
430 Second year of the War.—Outbreak of plague at
Athens. Second invasion of Attica. Expedition of Pericles to Argolis and his
failure at Epidaurus. Pericles deposed from strategia,
tried, fined, and reappointed strategos. Phormio operates in the west: captures Amphilochian Argos. Surrender of Potidaea.
429 Third year of the War.—Peloponnesians besiege
Plataea. Sea-victories of Phormio. Death of Pericles (autumn).
428 Fourth year of the War.—Third invasion of Attica.
Revolt of Mytilene.
427 Fifth year of the War. —Fourth invasion of Attica.
Surrender of Mytilene. Surrender of Plataea. Civil war breaks out in Corcyra.
Athens captures Minoa. Expedition of Laches to Sicily.
426 Sixth year of the War.—Aetolian expedition of
Demosthenes. Battle of Olpae. Purification of Delos.
425 Seventh year of the War.—Fifth invasion of Attica.
Athenians send an expedition to Sicily. Occupation of Pylos; and capture of
Spartans in Sphacteria. Triumph of the democracy in Corcyra. Athens wins Anactorion, and occupies Methone. Athens raises the tribute
of her allies. Introduction of the triobolon (?). Achamians of Aristophanes. Antiphon’s De Choreuta. Congress of Gela.
424 Eighth year of the War.—Athens wins Oeniadae ; captures Nisaea, with
the Long Walls of Megara,* and Cythera. Athenian invasion of Boeotia ; battle
of Delion. Brasidas in Thrace. Revolt of Acanthus, Amphipolis, and other
cities. Banishment of Thucydides, the historian. Knights of Aristophanes.
423 Ninth year of the War.—Negotiations for peace. One
year’s truce (March). Revolt of Scione. Clouds of
Aristophanes. Leontini annexed by Syracuse.
422 Tenth year of the War.—Battle of Amphipolis. Peace
negotiations. Wasps of Aristophanes.
421 Peace of Nicias (March). Peace of
Aristophanes. Capture of Scione.
421—420 Defensive alliance between Athens and Sparta.
420 Alliance of Athens with Argos. Epidaurian war.
418 Battle of Mantinea. Argos forms alliance with
Sparta. Eleusinian decree.
417 Ostracism of Hyperbolus. Nicias in Chalcidice.
416 Conquest of Melos. Embassy of Segesta to Athens.
415 Mutilation of the Hermae at Athens. Athenian
expedition to Sicily. Recall of Alcibiades.
414 Spring: Birds of Aristophanes. Siege of Syracuse. Gylippus arrives in Sicily.
413 Spartans occupy Decelea. Second Athenian
expedition to Sicily. Great battle in the Syracusan Harbour (Sept. 9). Disaster
of the Athenians.
412 Revolt of Athenian allies. Treaty of Miletus
(between Sparta and Persia). Alcibiades leaves Sparta.
411 Battle of Syme (Jan.). Revolt of Rhodes. Pisander at Athens (. Feb.). Revolt of Abydus and Lampsacus (April). Assembly at Colonus and provision made for a new’
Constitution (May). Council of Four Hundred comes into office (early in June),
and governs till September. Revolt of Euboea (Sept.). Four Hundred overthrown
and Polity established (Sept.). Battle of Cynossema.
Lysistrate and Thesmophoriazusae of Aristophanes. Eva- goras becomes king of Salamis.
410 Battle of Cyzicus. Restoration of Democracy at
Athens. Athens recovers Thasos. [Pseudo-Lysias] For Polystratus.
409 Athens recovers Colophon ; loses Pylos and Nisaea.
Carthaginian invasion of Sicily. Destruction of
Selinus and Himera.
408 Athens recovers Chalcedon and Byzantium. Gorgias
at
Olympia. Warfare of Hermocrates in western Sicily.
407 Cyrus comes down to the coast. Battle of Notion.
Alcibiades at Athens.
Battle of Mytilene. Death of Hermocrates. Foundation
of Thermae.
406 Battle of Arginusae. Trial of the Generals. Siege
of Acragas.
406—405 Conspiracy of st raw
bearers at Chios.
405 Lysander navarch. Cyrus
called to Susa. Battle of Aegospotami (end of summer).
Dionysius becomes tyrant of Syracuse ; and makes peace
with Carthage.
405—404 Blockade of Athens.
404 Surrender of Athens. Long Walls pulled down
(April). Psephism of Dracontides (summer) and rule of
the Thirty. Thrasybulus seizes Phylc (Dec.). Alliance
of Catane and Leontini.
404—403 First expedition of Thirty against
Thrasybulus. Death of Theramenes.
403 Lacedaemonian garrison at Athens. Second
expedition against Thrasybulus (May).
Thrasybulus seizes Piraeus. Battle of Munychia. King Pausanias at Athens. Fall of Thirty (Sept.).
Recall of Lysander. Lysias’ Against Eratosthenes.
Revolt at Syracuse against Dionysius.
403—402 Archonship of Euclides.
403—400 Sicel war of Dionysius. His reduction of Naxos
and Catane
401 Expedition of Cyrus. Battle of Cunaxa (summer).
400 Thimbron in Asia Minor
(end of summer).
399 Dercyllidas succeeds Thimbron, and gains the Troad.
War of Sparta and Elis. Death of Socrates.
398 Sparta makes truce with the satraps ; sends
embassy to Susa. Accession of Agesilaus. Dionysius captures Motya.
398—397 Dercyllidas in the
Chersonese ; takes Atameus (397, first months).
397 Dercyllidas in Caria;
makes truce with the satraps. Conon appointed commander of Persian fleet.
Conspiracy of Cinadon at Sparta.
Himilco’s expedition to Sicily. Siege of Syracuse. Foundation of Lilybaeum.
396 First campaign of Agesilaus in Thrygia (autumn). Restoration of Messana. Acoris becomes king
of Egypt.
396—393 Sicel war of Dionysius.
395 Campaign of Agesilaus in Lydia. Death of
Tissaphernes.
Second campaign of Agesilaus in Phrygia. Revolt of
Rhodes. War breaks out in Boeotia. Battle of Haliartus and death of Lysander. Accession of Agesipolis at Sparta. Athens begins to
rebuild her Long Walls. Foundation of Tyndaris.
395—394 Confederation of Athens, Thebes, etc., against
Sparta.
394 Battle of Corinth (July). Battle of Cnidus (Aug.).
Eclipse of sun (Aug. 14). Battle of Coronea (Aug.).
Foundation of Mylae.
393 Completion of Long Walls of Athens.
392 Union of Corinth and Argos. Battle of the Long
Walls (of Megara). First embassy of Antalcidas to Susa. Second Punic War of
Dionysius.
391 Spartans capture Lechaeon.
Dionysius besieges Rhegion.
390 Agesilaus celebrates Isthmian games and captures Piraeon.
Iphicrates gains a victory over Spartan hoplites. Teleutias captures an Athenian squadron. Evagoras revolts
from Persia. Alliance of Athens with Evagoras and Acoris. Hecatomnus has become satrap of Caria (between 395
and 390).
390—388 Tax of 1/44th; and a war-tax introduced at
Athens.
389 Successes of Thrasybulus in the Hellespont.
Dionysius besieges Caulonia. Battle of the Elleporus. Ecclesiazusac of Aristophanes.
388 Death of Thrasybulus (first months). Warfare of Anaxibius and Iphicrates in the Hellespont.
388—387 Second mission of Antalcidas to Susa.
387 Capture of Rhegion by
Dionysius. Chabrias sent to help Evagoras.
387—386 The King’s Peace.
386 Evagoras defeated at Cition. Chabrias in Egypt.
386—384 Persian siege of Cypriote Salamis.
386—385 Breaking up of Mantinea.
384 Speech of Lysias at Olympic games (July-Aug.).
Orontes makes peace with Evagoras.
384—382 Formation of the Chalcidian Confederacy.
383—378 Third Punic War of Dionysius.
383 Death of Acoris.
382 Spartans seize citadel of Thebes (summer).
382—381 Restoration of Plataea.
381 Defeat of Spartans at Olynthus. Siege of Phlius begins. Persia concludes Peace with Evagoras.
Accession of Nektanebos I in Egypt.
380 Accession of king Cleombrotus at Sparta. Olympic games for which Isocrates wrote his Panegyric.
379 Suppression of Chalcidian League. Battles of
Cabala and Cronion in Sicily.
379—378 Spartans expelled from Theban citadel
(winter). Raid of Sphodrias.
378 Alliance of Athens with Thebes. Boeotia invaded by
Agesilaus. Iphicrates in Thrace; his marriage (?). Peace of Syracuse with
Carthage.
378—377 Foundation of Second Athenian
Confederacy. Property tax at Athens.
377 Boeotia invaded by Agesilaus. Defeat of Phoebidas. Mausolus becomes satrap of Caria.
376 Battle of Naxos. Western expedition of Timotheus.
Rebellion at Delos. Iphicrates in Persian senice.
375—373 Iphicrates and Pharnabazus in Egypt. Jason of
Pherae a member of Athenian league.
374 Peace between Athens and Sparta. Death of
Evagoras: accession of Nicocles.
374—373 Peace broken. Lacedaemonians at Corcyra.
373 Iphicrates sent to Corcyra. Trial of Timotheus.
Earthquakes in Greece destruction of temple of Delphi (?).
371 Peace of Callias (June). Battle of Leuctra (July).
Accession of Agesipolis II at Sparta.
371-369 Foundation of Arcadian League, and of
Megalopolis.
370 Epaminondas a Boeotarch.
Rebuilding of Mantinea. Death of Jason of Pherae. Accession of Cleombrotus II. at Sparta.
370—369 First Boeotian invasion of Peloponnesus.
369 [Epaminondas a Boeotarch.]
Foundation of Messene (first months). Alliance of Athens and Sparta (spring).
Second Boeotian invasion of Peloponnesus. First Thessalian expedition of
Pelopidas.
369—368 Murder of Alexander of Macedon, and
intervention of Iphicrates.
368 Heraea and Orchomenus join Arcadian League.
Congress of Delphi (summer). Tearless Battle. Euphron tyrant of Sicyon. Second
Thessalian expedition of Pelopidas, and his captivity. First expedition to
rescue him. Fourth Punic war of Dionysius.
367 [Epaminondas a Boeotarch.]
Greek envoys at Susa. Second expedition to rescue Pelopidas. Death of Dionysius
I.
Ariobarzanes revolts from Persia.
366 Third Boeotian invasion of Peloponnesus. Thebans
seize Oropus. Alliance of Athens with Arcadia. Death of Lycomedes. Timotheus in
eastern Aegean. Isocrates’ Archidamus.
366—365 Partial peace in Peloponnesus.
365 Timotheus wins Samos. Murder of Macedonian regent
Ptolemy. Timotheus wins Potidaea and other towns of Chalcidian region. War
breaks out between Arcadia and Elis.
364 [Epaminondas a Boeotarch.]
Naval expedition of Epaminondas. Third Thessalian expedition of Pelopidas
Eclipse of sun, July 13. Battle of Cynoscephalae. Destruction of Orchomenus. Pisatans celebrate Olympian games; battle in the Altis.
Athens obtains Sestos. Timotheus besieges Amphipolis.
363 Timotheus recovers Byzantium. Nektanebos I. succeeded by Tachos.
363—362 Timotheus again besieges Amphipolis. Revolts
of satraps against Persia.
362 [Epaminondas a Boeotarch.]
Battle of Mantinea. Athenianfleet sent to Hellespont.
Ariobarzanes crucified.
361 Agesilaus in Egypt. Accession of Nektanebos II. Battle of Peparethus.
361—60 Death of Agesilaus (?).
360—59 Death of king Cotys, and division of Thrace.
359 Death of Perdiccas and accession of Amyntas.
358 Victories of Philip over Paeonians and
Illyrians. Death of Artaxerxes II; accession of Artaxerxes III. Ochus.
357 Athens recovers the Chersonese and Euboea.
Philip captures Amphipolis. Revolt of Chios, Cos, and Rhodes from Athens. Death
of Chabrias. Dion returns to Sicily.
356 Illyrian victory of Philip. Battle of Embata. Phocians seize Delphi. Revolt of Artabazus and
Orontes. Arrival of Nypsius at Syracuse.
356—5 Philip captures Pydna and Potidaea. Birth
of Alexander.
Composition of Xenophon’s De Vectigalibus.
355 Chares in Asia Minor ; defeats Tithraustes, Isocrates’ De Pace. Trial of Timotheus and
Iphicrates (?).
355—4 Peace of Athens with Rhodes, Cos, etc.
Isocrates’ Areopagiticus.
354 Battle of Neon. Death of Philomelus. Murder
of Dion.
354—3 Demosthenes’ On the Symmories.
Tyranny of Callippus atSyracuse.
354—50 Eubulus in charge of the Theoric Fund.
353 Philip captures Methone. Power of Onomarchus
in Thessaly. Eubulus hinders Philip from attacking Phocis. Demosthenes’ Far the Afegalopotitans. Death of Mausolus. Demosthenes’ For
the Freedom of the Rhodians.
353—351 Hipparinus tyrant of
Syracuse.
352 Cersobleptes of Thrace submits to Macedon. Demosthenes’Against Aristocrates.
Artabazus flees to Macedonia, and Artaxerxes makes peace with Orontes.
351 Revolt of Phoenicia against Persia; revolt
in Cyprus. Demosthenes’ First Philippic. Idrieus succeeds Artemisia in Caria. Nysaeus becomes tyrant
at Syracuse.
350 Phocion in Cyprus helping to suppress revolt.
349 Phocion in Euboea. Philip reduces
Chalcidice. Alliance of Athens with Olynthus. Demosthenes’ Olynthiacs.
348 Euboea acknowledged independent. Philip
captures Olynthus.
347 First Athenian embassy to Philip (end of
year). Death of Plato.
346 The Peace of Philocrates. Second embassy to
Philip (spring). Philip at Thermopylae. The Phocians crushed. Philip presides
at Pythian games. Demosthenes’ De Pace. Isocrates’ Letter to Philip. Second
tyranny of Dionysius II.
346—345 Demosthenes impeaches Aeschines.
Aeschines’ Against Timarchus
345—343 Persia recovers Egypt.
344 Demosthenes in the Peloponnesus. His Second
Philippic. Timoleon sails for Sicily. Battle of Hadranum.
343 Impeachments of Philocrates and Aeschines.
King Archidamus II sails to Italy.
343—342 Alliance of Megara with Athens. Philip in
Epirus. Aristotle goes to Macedonia as tutor of Alexander.
342—341 Philip’s conquest of Thrace.
341 Athens sends Diopeithes to the Chersonese. Demosthenes’ On the Chersonese and Third Philippic.
Demosthenes at Byzantium. The Euboic League.
340 Sieges of Perinthus and Byzantium. Naval reform at
Athens. Violent proceedings at Amphictionic Council (autumn).
339 Thracian expedition of Philip. Amphictions
determine to make war on Amphissa.
Battle of the Crimisus.
338 Philip descends into Greece. His campaign in
Phocis and Locris. Battle of Chaeronea (Aug.).
Philip in the Peloponnesus. Synedrion of Corinth.
Death of Isocrates. Battle of Mandonia.
338—337 Murder of Artaxerxes Ochus and accession of Arses.
338—334 Lycurgus minister of finance at Athens.
337 Second meeting of Synedrion of the Greeks at
Corinth.
336 Macedonian forces sent into Asia Minor. Murder of
Philip and accession of Alexander (summer)
Alexander’s first descent into Greece; his election as
general of the Greeks.
335 Alexander’s campaign in Thrace and Illyria, and
his second descent into Greece. Destruction of Thebes (Oct.). Accession of
Darius III. Codomannus. Memnon opposes the
Macedonians in Asia Minor. Aristotle begins his teaching at Athens.
334 Alexander starts on his expedition against Persia
(spring), battle of the Granicus (Thargelion).
Conquest of Lydia. Siege of Miletus. Siege of Halicarnassus. Expedition of
Alexander of Epirus to Italy.
334—33 Conquest of Lycia, Pamphylia, Pisidia.
333 Alexander at Gordion.
Conquest of Cilicia. Battle of Issus (Nov.).
332 Siege of Tyre (Jan.-July). Submission of Syria and
Judaea. Siege of Gaza (Oct.). Conquest of Egypt.
331 Foundation of Alexandria. Submission of Cyrene.
Lunar eclipse, Sept. 20; battle of Gaugamela (Oct. I). Alex ander at Babylon (Oct.); at Susa (Dec.). Battle of Megalopolis.
331—330 Battle of Pandosia.
330 Alexander in Persis (Jan.-April); at Ecbatana.
Death of Darius (July). Conquest of Hyrcania, Areia, and Drangiana. Foundation
of Alexandria Areion and Prophthasia. Execution of
Philotas and Parmenio.
Aeschines’ Against Ctesiphon and Demosthenes’ On the
Crown. Lycurgus’ Against Leocrates.
330—329 Alexander winters in Drangiana.
329 Partial submission of Gedrosia. Conquest of Arachosia. Foundation of the Arachosian Alexandria.
329—328 Alexander winters in the Cabul region.
Foundation of Alexandria under Caucasus.
328 Alexander comes to the Hindu-Kush ; conquers
Bactria and Sogdiana. Foundation of Alexandria Eschate.
328—327 Alexander winters at Zariaspa.
327 Alexander at Samarcand (first months); murder of
Clitus. Conquest of eastern Sogdiana.
Alexander marries Roxane. Conspiracy of the pages, and
execution of Callisthenes.
Alexander recrosses the Hindu-Kush, and prepares for
Indian expedition.
327—326 Winter campaigns in the Kunar, Chitral, and
Swat regions.
326 Alexander crosses the Indus. Battle of the
Hydaspes.
Conquest of the Punjab.
325 Conquest of the Malli. Foundation of towns on the
Lower Indus. Alexander sails in the Indian Ocean. His march through Gedrosia
(Aug.-Oct.). Voyage of Nearchus (Oct.-Dec.).
324 Macedonian mutiny at Opis.
Alexander at Ecbatana. Death of Hephaestion. Harpalus in Greece (spring).
Restoration of exiles proclaimed at Olympic games (July- Aug.). Harpalus’ trial
at Athens; speeches of Hypereides and Dinarchus.
324—324 Subjugation of the Cossaeans.
323 Alexander at Babylon. Funeral of Hephaestion
(May).
Death of Alexander (June 13). Greece revolts against
Macedonia.
323—322 Siege of Lamia.
322 Battle of Crannon.
Funeral oration of Hypereides. Change of the Athenian
Constitution. Death of Demosthenes (Oct.). Death of Aristotle. Death of
Lycurgus
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